Layman View of Osi Reference Model Free Essays

Layman View of OSI Reference Model (By Diganta Deka, Former Student, Proprietor-Trainer East India Technologies, Guwahati. ), diganta. deka@hotmail. We will write a custom essay sample on Layman View of Osi Reference Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now com When we talk about computer networks and how computers operate in networks, things do not remain as simple as it seems to be. Here numerous protocols work in tandem for the sake of data integrity during the course of data transfer. To make things worse there are a lot of vendors in the market who provide and produce great number of network hardware and push us to use them. Therefore to provide a solution and to make all these devices communicate in 1984, The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed the Open Systems Interconnections (OSI) reference model. Basically it described how information is transferred from one networking component to another, from the point when a user enters information using a mouse or a keyboard to when that information is converted to electrical or light signals transferred along a piece of wire or radio waves through the air and vice versa. So we can say, OSI reference model provides a foundation to use when you are considering what happens between the network components when they talk with each other. ISO developed a seven layer model which allowed vendors and network administrators to understand a stable data transfer and also provided guidelines for implementing new networking standards. Table-1 below briefly describes these layers, their associated services and protocols supported. Layer| Function| Service Description| | Application| The Application layer provides an interface between the communication software and any other application that needs to communicate outside the computer on which the application resides. This layer represents the services that directly support applications such as software for file transfers, database access, and electronic mail. | 6| Presentation| The Presentation layer translates data from the Application layer into an intermediary format, such as ASCII text, EBCDIC text, binary, BCD, JPEG etc. This layer also provides services such as data encryption, and data compression. | 5| Session| The Session layer allows two applications on different computers to establish, use, and end a session. This includes the control and management of multiple bidirectional messages so that the application can be notified if only some of a series of messages are completed. This allows Presentation layer to have a seamless view of an incoming stream of data. | 4| Transport| The Transport layer defines the end-to-end transmission of data between nodes (e. . PCs), including flow control and error recognition and recovery. It also repackages long messages when necessary into smaller packets for transmission and, at the receiving end, rebuilds packets into the original message. | 3| Network| The Network layer provides routing, logical network addressing, path determination, media/framing translation, frame fragmentation, and congestion signaling/control. The routing concepts define how devices rout e or forward packets to their final destination. Logical addressing defines how each device can have an address that can be used by the routing process. Path determination refers to the work done by which all possible routes are learned, but the best route is chosen for use. | 2| Data Link| The Data Link layer packages raw bits from the Physical layer into frames (logical, structured packets). This layer specifies the device addressing, topology and media access, bit/byte synchronization, flow control, and error detection/recovery services associated with sending frames of data over a physical link. 1| Physical| The Physical layer specifies how bit streams are to be transmitted over a physical link in the network. This includes physical characteristics of transmission medium, including pins, use of pins, electrical, current, encoding, light modulation and the rules for how to activate and deactivate the use of the physical medium. | Table-1 Within the network, data traverses a network stack using a process called encapsulation. Whe n an application requires communications resources, the message is handed over to the network stack’s application layer. There, the message is processed into a Protocol Data Unit (PDU). Application specific header information is wrapped around the data. The resultant PDU is then passed to the stack’s presentation layer, where additional header information is added. Each subsequent layer in the source system’s network stack adds service-specific header information to the PDU, until a fully formatted data frame is presented to the physical layer for transmission onto the communications medium. This encapsulation process is illustrated in Figure 1. Encapsulation Process Fig-1 The real data transfer process starts from the Transport Layer, where the data is segmented and hence the data is termed as segment in transport layer. When the segments reach the network layer each segment is broken into packets. As these packets are transferred to Data Link Layer each packet is again broken into frames and in Physical Layer the frames converts into Bits. When the bit stream reaches the destination system, the reverse occurs. Each layer in the destination system’s network stack analyzes and then strips its associated header information from the message. The resultant PDU is then passed to the next higher layer, until the original message is presented to the destination application. Typically, a communication layer does not process, or alter the PDU’s content as generated by an adjacent layer. Information exchange only occurs between peer OSI layers. The peer relationship between OSI layers is illustrated in Figure 2. Illustrated Peer Relationship between OSI Layers Bit Stream Frame Packet Segment Data Stream Data Stream Data Stream Bit Stream Frame Packet Segment Data Stream Data Stream Data Stream Figure-2 Till now we have been talking about the concept behind the OSI reference model, but if we do not discuss about the protocols (protocol is an agreed set of rules by which devices in a network or number of networks can successfully communicate with each other) and devices that work in each layer of the model then the discussion would remain incomplete. Table-2 and Table-3 respectively represent the devices and the protocols used in various layers in the OSI Reference Model. Devices and the Layers at Which They Function Layer| Name of the layer| Devices| 3| Network| Router, Layer3 Switch| 2| Data Link| Switch, Bridge and NIC| 1| Physical| Hub, Repeater| Table-2 Protocols and the Layers at Which They Function Name of the Layers| Protocols| Application| FTP, Telnet, NFS, HTTP, TFTP, DHCP, DNS, VoIP, SNMP, POP3, SMTP| Presentation| ASCII, HTML, JPEG| Session| SQL, RPC| Transport| TCP, UDP, SPX| Network| IP, X. 25, IPX, Q. 931| Data Link| HDLC, Ethernet, LLC, Frame Relay, ATM, Q. 921, FDDI| Physical| RS-232, V. 35, 10bT, RJ45, G. 703/G. 704| Table-3 In the field of networking there very few people who is not aware of OSI reference model and it is impossible to imagine the world of Information Technology without this model. Over the years we have come across so many network hardware, software or operating systems but everything is manufactured keeping OSI reference model as a benchmark. How to cite Layman View of Osi Reference Model, Essay examples

Youth Social Problem free essay sample

Youth Social Problem BY mucca0407 People are never born into separated environment, while society will be their destiny to face and Join no matter whether they are willed to do so. After being educated in greenhouses of campus, children will one day step into this destiny inevitably, therefore making socialization an indispensable progress of their growth. However, it seems to me that socialization is a method of acclimatizing to the surroundings and such abilities are inborn. So it may be too extreme and pessimistic to say we have not et learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society, especially when the education and other related fields are keeping a high-speed development. Socialization, defined as converting and meeting the social needs, determines a societys future by making its members work as effective parts of it. Society is a huge constitution combined by different individuals and groups, who need cooperation with each other and gain the methods for living and developing. Modern development has made such cooperation spear into every corner of our daily life: ndustry, service, agriculture and academic fields provide the people living in a society what they need, and supported by each others products. Education, as a way for us to raise children, gives them knowledge to take parts in this society and realize their personal values. When entering schools, children are living with other contemporaries for years, learning how to communicate with each other, gaining senses of cooperation, competition and understanding. After that, they graduate and face the practical issues, such as manufacturing, researching, designing and so forth. All these issues ask for cooperation during modern time, because they are all highly complicated with different products provided by different fields. An architecture design project, for instance, contains parts of architecture design, structure design, air-conditioner system, water supply system and so forth. During its designing progress, architects and other experts need communicate with each other, persuade or be persuaded to change their ideas and plans. If some one of them are not socialized and Just keep on working individually, the outcomes will be ot reasonable or even not feasible. Moreover, socialization is an indispensable part of social living, even people do not take parts in producing. We are living in a connected world, facing other peoples for information, products and so forth. After graduating, children will leave their greenhouses which are supported by their parents, teachers and society. They have to work and live directly with other social members. If they are not socialized, and just continue their greenhouse life, they will find the world as a vacuum, bogging hem with complex relation of people. In Japan, a group of people are called OTAKUs, who are trapped by their childhood interests, including animation, video game, internet, and the sense of security at home. Those people are a reverse example of those who are not well socialized. They have their own worlds, cut off with others, been reported among these OTAKUs, such as suicide, crime, psychic diseases and so forth. In this case we may know the importance of socialization. Nevertheless, although modern society has provided us both necessity and risks of ocializing, our society has kept on its progress of development, despite of some people who are dropped by it because of lacking of socialization. To illustrate this phenomenon, I think it is reasonable to believe that socialization is an inborn ability that can be developed during education and social work. All creatures have abilities to acclimate to the environment, and because of such abilities they have evolved during the past myriad years to today. As the most intelligent and developed creature, human beings are tend to be even more capable hen facing a new environment. So when they are in societies, they will learn how to live and success by their practice, not saying about the developed education system, which can help them gain more knowledge and experience before the social life. Considering a foreign student who seeks for further education in a new country, he may have difficulties in language, social relation and cultural background when facing the new life. But we know that there are myriad foreign students who graduate successfully from their schools, after overcoming these problems. Such successes are due to their efforts in learning and working, bringing them new abilities to meet the new environments need. Additionally, modern education has developed in a way for students gaining more chances to cooperate and get in touch with the society, making them more socialized. For instance, my university has provided its students chances of working with their teachers and for the social agencies, including enterprises, governments and so forth. During these works, students will know their abilities and disadvantages when hey one day come into the society totally, and amass the knowledge and senses to cover such disadvantages. To sum up, socialization is a determining issue for children who are changing our world in future. Despite of certain problems caused by current society, children are steady under the societys care. As long as we keep an open mind to the necessity of socialization, and as long as we learn the proper way to raise children, our offspring will come a long way toward bringing about a better society.

Steroids In Sports Essay Example For Students

Steroids In Sports Essay Ever since their introduction into sports in the later 1950s the use of anabolic steroids has been a controversial issue. Much debate has arisen dealing with whether steroids should be allowed for performance enhancement. If youre not familiar with them, The 1994 Merrian-Webster Dictionary defines an anabolic steroid as, any of a group of synthetic hormones sometimes taken by athletes in training to increase temporarily the size of their muscles. However, its not just the athletes preparing for rigorous competition that have been using these drugs. Business Weekly told of a study performed by the University of Illinois School of Public Health in which the results were shocking. According to Paul Goldstein, the chief investigator, individuals from all walks of life have admitted to the use of steroids. He states,Were finding firemen, students, lawyers, teachers- people from all economic classesmost of them taking the drugs for cosmetic reasons 177 All of these individuals had admitted to use because of the positive effects the steroids provide for their appearance. Along with these positive effects also come the negative ones. We will write a custom essay on Steroids In Sports specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Symptoms such as acne, psychotic states, paranoia, headaches, high blood pressure, heart failure, strokes, and liver and kidney damage with quite a lengthy list of other harmful side effects related to extensive use. According to Dr. Robert Vow in his book Drugs, Sports, and Poli! tics, along with trying to keep competitions fair and equal for all who entered, these were the main reason that anabolics have been banned from sports since the 1976 Olympic games. Since these early years, not much has been heard about the use of steroids. True, occasional incidents remind us they are still around . For instance, when Ben Johnson was stripped of his gold medial in the 1988 Seoul Olympics and Lyle Alzados death in 1992. For the most part though things seemed to have quieted down. This is speculated to be from the growing efforts to educate athletes and individuals on the extreme dangers associated with these steroids. Along with this education, one can not escape hearing the horror stories about what these drugs have already done to others and what it will do to them after prolonged use. With such an impressively long list of harmful side effects associated with steroid use, one could be certain that individuals would shy away from them. After all, the original purpose is to enhance their physical stature, not risk damaging it. Wed like to think that due to the strict regulation on todays athletes in competition, it would cause them to think twice before using steroids. Another possible reason for the declining use is that theyre nearly impossible to get since they were barred from non-medical distribution back in 1991. These are definitely good points and one could easily be persuaded that such is the case . However, not everyone shares the same point of view. The other school of thought is that steroid use and abuse is just as wide spread today as ever, if not even more rampant. Athletes feeling are that the gains far outweigh the risks even if they are just temporary enhancements. There are only a dozen or so reported fatalities dealing with steroid use, therefore individuals consider their odds to be pretty good. As far as regulation is concerned, as long as there have been steroids, there have been ways around the detection testing in an athletes system. Another theory plays on the fact that its not only the elite athletes using them. Teenagers and kids using them for appearance are becoming an increased percentage of users. This can be traced to images of large Herculean type men portrayed in all forms of media today. Arnold Schwarzenegger is a prime example sine he has admitted to the use of anabolic steroids. Kids are inspired by him and several other athletes and movie stars who they admire and want to emulate. Getting these anabolics may not be hard as one thinks. Just like any illegal substance, there are ways to obtain steroids for private use. .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69 , .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69 .postImageUrl , .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69 , .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69:hover , .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69:visited , .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69:active { border:0!important; } .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69:active , .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69 .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5b49b26d7144ca01b1bad6feeb281e69:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lord of the Flies Meets Sigmund Freud EssayMany think that there are enough smuggled into the U. S. from Mexico, Canada, and several eastern European to keep the current black market a thriving business. Are anabolic steroids still prevalent in the world of athletics or are people learning their lesson? Is it just the advanced athletics we have to worry about? Will further education help? Just who do we need to educate? A lot of questions have arisen on the current status of steroids. These are all questions that need to be answered to learn about what is presently happening with anabloic steroid use.

Essay On Climate Change The WritePass Journal

Essay On Climate Change Conclusion Essay On Climate Change : 1). This is clearly evident through the establishment of green engineering and green chemistry which has been considered to be one of the most effective ways of generating a sustainable environment (Author, 2008: 607). This is because, both green engineering and green chemistry â€Å"seek to maximise efficiency and minimize health and environmental hazards throughout the chemical production process† (Mulvill et al, 2011: 271). This ensures that a sustainable environment can be maintained by controlling global warming and environmental pollution more efficiently. The Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale (2012a: 1) thus seeks to â€Å"advance sustainability by catalyzing the effectiveness of the Green Chemistry and Green Engineering community.† This is achieved by advancing the science, raising awareness, catalyzing implementation and preparing the next generation. The Centre thereby supports the research and development of the science by acting as a catalyst to the green engineering and chemistry communities. Green Engineering   Write an Essay On Climate Change Green engineering seeks to minimize pollution and reduce the risks created by toxic chemicals through the â€Å"development and commercialisation of industrial processes that are economically feasible† (Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, 2012b: 1). One of the main objectives of green engineering is therefore to reduce and manage waste more economically. This is vital given the increased amount of waste that is being generated each year: â€Å"current global municipal solid waste (MSW) generation levels are approximately 1.3 billion tonnes per year and are expected to increase to approximately 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025† (World Bank: 2011: 8). This is a substantial amount of waste and unless the pollution that is created from this is reduced, global warming will be greatly increased. Green engineers have attempted to prevent this from happening, nonetheless, by using only low toxic chemicals. Not only does this reduce manufacturing costs, but it a lso limits chemical exposure to the environment. Risk assessment practices are also being adopted so that the environmental impacts of certain toxic chemicals can be measured and so that a determination as to which chemicals need to be eliminated or avoided can be made. Engineers also â€Å"assess feed and recycle streams based on risk and not volume within a chemical process and design greener products and processes† (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2011: 1). All of these processes evidently contribute to the development of a sustainable environment which helps to eliminate global warming. The green engineering principles, as established by Anastas and Zimmerman (2003: 94), have been welcomed by all and as asserted by Abraham (2006, 8); â€Å"the Principles of sustainable engineering provide a paradigm in which engineers can design products and services to meet social needs with minimal impact on the global ecosystem.† This is highly desirable given the concerns surrounding global warming and whilst the principles do not provide engineers with a definitive process for creating a sustainable product, they do provide them with a conceptual framework that can be followed when developing new products and services. This helps to reduce global warming and environmental pollution that is created from toxic chemicals and global markets. Conversely, it is unlikely that the current environmental problems will be completely eradicated by the use of these principles alone which is why international co-operation is imperative. It is unlikely that international co-operation w ill be maintained, however, because of the economic costs this will incur. Accordingly, â€Å"co-operation is unlikely to be sustained when each individual country calculates that if it were to defect from the agreement on its own, with others continuing to abide by the agreement, the benefits of defecting would outweigh the benefits of participation† (Bosetti and Frankel, 2011: 25). Consequently, whilst green engineering is beneficial to the global economy it is unclear whether every country is adopting its principles within the development of new products and services and because of this, global warming and environmental pollution is likely to remain. Green Chemistry   Write an Essay On Climate Change Green chemistry is a concept of chemical research which is similar to green engineering in that it encourages those designing new products and processes to minimise their use of toxic chemicals. Nevertheless, â€Å"green chemistry principles and metrics can influence the entire life cycle of a chemical from design through disposal† (Mulvill et al, 2011: 271). This allows it to minimise the risks associated with environmental hazards a lot better because of the fact that hazardous substances can be eliminated at source. This enables environmental problems to be avoided before they actually happen which is exactly what the United States 1990 Pollution Prevention Act aimed to achieve in its attempts to promote sustainability. Accordingly, the 1990 Act enhanced the focus that was being placed upon pollution prevention by making it clear that source reduction was a lot more effective in advancing sustainability pollution control and management. This is because; source reduction pre vents hazardous substances from being released into the environment at first instance, whereas pollution control and management merely seeks to control toxic chemicals after they have already been released. Green chemistry is therefore significantly important in helping to eliminate global warming and environmental pollution which is necessary in today’s society where the chemical’s industry is severely affecting the environment. Hence, there is a global demand for less reliance to be placed upon the use of fossil fuels and for the adoption of greener manufacturing processes. Green chemistry thereby helps to alleviate such reliance by assisting in the development of a low carbon economy. Sustainability   Write an Essay On Climate Change Whilst green engineering and green chemistry helps to promote sustainability, it is unlikely that global warming and environmental pollution will be completely eradicated as a result of these implementations. This is because, although its effects will be minimised; â€Å"some experts worry that they will not go far enough† (Graham-Rowe, 2005: 1). This is widely due to the difficulties associated with international co-operation since it cannot be said that all individuals and organizations will adopt the concepts of green engineering and chemistry. Hence, â€Å"there is no legal requirement on scheme operators to undertake calibration which is commonplace by international hydrometric standards† (Pillai et al, 2005: 2). In view of this, it cannot be said that the underlying concepts of green engineering and chemistry will be followed. As a result, it is important that the issues surrounding global warming and environmental pollution are addressed more appropriately so tha t the global economy can be sufficiently protected. This is important not only for present generations but also for future generations because as noted by Bell and McGillivray (2008: 55); â€Å"sustainable development meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations.† Consequently, unless the environment is kept as naturally as possible through the prevention of pollution, future generations will suffer and sustainability will not be maintained. Further regulation of this area is needed so that the concepts aimed at helping the environment are upheld. This is because, it cannot be determined at present whether the green concepts are being adhered to and unless individuals fully co-operate, individuals and organizations will continue to damage the environment. Essentially, the uses of toxic chemicals are major causes for concern and unless the environment is managed more effectively, pollution will continue to ensue. More stringent regulatory practices could be implemented so that the use of toxic chemicals is minimized by adopting the concepts of green engineering and green chemistry. A sustainable environment would be created if this were to take effect because as put forward by Lancaster (2010: 304): â€Å"The chemical industry is a key solution provider on the road to sustainability.† He went on to further add that: â€Å"An independent study has shown that, on average, for every tonne of greenhouse gas emitted during chemical production three tones are saved by society by using products of the chemical industry† (Lancaster, 2010: 304-305). This clearly highlights the advantages the chemical industry can bring to the environment and illustrates that green engineering and green chemistry do help alleviate global warming and environmental pollution. The impacts of the chemical industry would, nevertheless, be greater if more efficient regulation was in place which signifies the need for change within this area. Conclusion Overall, global warming and environmental pollution caused from toxic chemicals has been extremely concerning in recent years. This is because, unless the problems associated with the environment are addressed, a sustainable environment will not be maintained. This will not only affect the present generation but it will also affect future generations. Because of this, it is vital that something is done to ensure that less toxic products are used when developing new products. Green engineering and green chemistry has proven to be one of the most effective ways of generating a sustainable environment and therefore needs to be adopted by all. It is likely that international co-operation would prove difficult, yet international standards could be implemented which ensure that the concepts created by the green industry are conformed to. This would enable waste to be reduced and managed more effectively and sustainability would be created. Consequently, unless applicable changes are made t o this area, global warming and environmental pollution will become a bigger problem. As such, it is imperative that the solutions provided for by the chemical industry are followed by all because as was recognised, the chemical industry is a key solution to achieving sustainability. References Abraham, M. A. (2006). Sustainability Science and Engineering: Defining Principles, Elsevier. Anastas, P. T. and Zimmeran, J. B. (2003). Design through the Twelve Principles of Green Engineering, Environmental Science and Technology Journal, Issue 5, Volume 37. Author, A. (2008). Fusing Green Chemistry and Green Engineering: DesignBuild at the Molecular Level, Green Chemistry Journal, Issue 6, Volume 10. Bell, S. and McGillivray, D. (2008), Environmental Law, 7th edition, Oxford University Press. Bosetti, V. and Frankel, J. (2011). Sustainable Co-operation in Global Climate Policy: Specific Formulas and Emission Targets to Build on Copenhagen and Cancun, United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports, Research Paper 2011/07. Centre for Green Chemistry Green Engineering at Yale. (2012a). About the Centre, [Online] Available: http://greenchemistry.yale.edu/about-the-center [06 December 2012]. Centre for Green Chemistry Green Engineering at Yale. (2012b). Green Chemistry and Green Engineering Defines, [Online] Available: http://greenchemistry.yale.edu/green-chemistry-green-engineering-defined [06 December 2012]. Graham-Rowe, G. (2005). Hydroelectric Power’s Dirty Secret Revealed, New Scientist, [Online] Available: newscientist.com/article/dn7046-hydroelectric-powers-dirty-secret-revealed.html [06 December 2012]. Lancaster, M. (2010). Green Chemistry: An Introductory Text, 2nd Edition, Royal Society of Chemistry. Mulville, M. J. Beach, E. S. Zimmerman, J. B. and Anastas, P. T. (2011). Green Chemistry and Green Engineering: A Framework for Sustainable Technology Development, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume 36. National Instruments (NI). (2012). Green Engineering – Improving the Environment and the Bottom Line, NI Developer Zone, [Online] Available: ni.com/white-paper/7257/en [05 December 2012]. Pillai, A. Reid, C. T. and Black, A. R. (2005) Reconciling Renewable Energy and the Local Impacts of Hydro-Electric Development, Environmental Law Review, Issue 2, Volume 7. ThinkQuest. (2002), Global Warming, Oracle Education Foundation, [Online] Available: http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/global_warming.htm [05 December 2012]. US Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). What is Green Engineering, Green Engineering, [Online] Available: epa.gov/oppt/greenengineering/pubs/whats_ge.html [06 December 2012]. World Bank. (2011). Waste Generation, Urban Development Series – Knowledge Papers, [Online] Available: siteresources.worldbank.org//Resources/336387/Chap3.pdf [06 December 2012]. Looking for someone to modify this Essay? Contact WritePass today.

Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Report - Research Paper Example The company targets young fun loving men and women. It also focuses towards people who love to travel. Gandys has very young target market. Customers of Grandys are generally very simple and believe in hanging around here and there. The organization has very modern target market. Customers of Grandys want comfortable and stylish products from the company. Young informal people are main targets for the company. People who believe in low cost, stylish products generally associate themselves with the brand. In 2013 Gandys did celebrity endorsement for their Tokyo Red product. Richard Branson founder of Virgin Atlantic and other staffs of the airline celebrated International Flip Flop day. All of them were wearing Tokyo Red. After this endorsement the product name was changed and new name of the product became Necker Red. The targeting strategy was very successful. Richard Branson is a very different business man. He is very much charismatic and informal in nature. Characteristics of the celebrity were very much suitable with the brand images of the company. People around the world have high respect for Richard Branson. Grandys intentionally selected him to influence large number of informal youth. Some customers do not like red colour. But celebrity like Richard Branson can easily break that mental barrier of customers. Over all the strategy was very successful and after that sale of the product increased a lot. The success of the strategy was very vast. Other products of the company a lso took benefit out of this celebrity endorsement strategy. Gandys Peacock Blue product can be repositioned with the help of a strategic collaboration with Serge Denimes. It is a London based fashion brand. It has very urban image in the market. Designs of the company are very creative and stylish. It will be a good combination of both creative rope style and urban design. It will create a refined image in the mind of urban customers.

Contribution of Education Law to Social Equality Essay

Contribution of Education Law to Social Equality - Essay Example from increasing the intelligence of people and imparting skills in people for a more productive country, education, and education law also aims at increasing the level of social equality in society. Social equality is seldom achieved by different countries, however, education law ensures to achieve equality in education, which might in return influence other spheres in a country. Nonetheless, social equality is a state whereby all the people in a society are entitled to equal allocation of resources, equal treatment, and opportunities. Social equality therefore, succeeds in removing any kind of barriers, which stand in the way of equality. These barriers might include factors of ethnicity, race, gender, economic status, and religion, which present some people with more opportunities than others. However, social equality should not be mistaken for socialism. While socialism advocates for people to have equal wealth, social equality encourages equal treatment for all people, as well as equal access to opportunities for everyone, despite their position in society (Ross 2009). According to Wilson (1975), education is an opportunity in society. Therefore, the education law in society should serve the purpose of ensuring justice and fair distribution of educational opportunities in society. If this is practiced, then the benefits in a country, which result from education, will be shared equally among all the citizens of a country. In cases where the education law of a country is biased and does not allow for the equal access of education for all its citizens, it is likely that there will not be social justice and social equality in such a country. This is because only a portion of the population will be entitled to the benefits of education, while locking out others (Wilson... The author of the paper declares that educational law is crucial in a country, as it determines whether there will be a considerably high level of social equality or not. Good education laws should adopt policies, which promote the equal access to education by all the children in the country, without any discrimination based on ethnicity, or gender, among other discriminatory forms. Education is an opportunity, which leads to future benefits of a person, with regard to personal development, and financial well-being. These two factors are among those that define a person’s social status. Therefore, if the law of education allows for equal access to education for all, this might help a country to achieve a high level of social equality in future. The paper makes a conclusion that the government funds education in the country, and various education Acts guide the education system in the UK. In an effort to promote social equality for all, the authorities in England expect every parent to take their children to schools, once they reach the rightful age for schooling. Failure to do this attracts a fine from parents. Therefore, while the local authorities are responsible for schools, parents are responsible for ensuring the attendance of their children. There is a uniform curriculum for all schools, therefore, equality is maintained, as this ensures there are no disparities in knowledge. The UK follows the United Nations tenets for human rights, therefore, considers everyone as having a right to education.

Paper Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Paper - Case Study Example It goes without saying that enough clinical trials are needed to ascertain its proper use for a variety of tumors at different parts of body. I would like to draw your attention to the fact that though said device is functioning properly, it has not been thoroughly tested on its application. It will not be ethical to use the device without proper clinical trials as improper use of the machine could damage healthy cells and create side effects such as difficulty swallowing, soreness or redness in the mouth, nausea, dry mouth, loss of taste, earaches, especially when the treatment is focused at head and neck. That is also true when the machine is used for treatment of tumors at other body parts such as breast, lymph nodes or other localized solid tumors. Human life is precious and cannot be put at risk while attempting to cure cancers from the device. It would be highly unethical to use this device for radiation treatment of cancer patients because it has not been thoroughly tested for its use and application so that no harm is done to the patients. Ethical practices need to be followed in all business dealings; accordingly, it is entirely unethical and improper to sell any accounting software without its appropriate testing. In fact, such action will tantamount to deceiving gullible