A Character From Everyman Essay

Everyman is a mediaeval exemplify written by an anonymous author. The central theme of the play is that when the time to leave the world is approaching, an soul may end up being betrayed by his or her family and friends, and only good deeds is of the essence(p) at the end. God and religion are also important aspects in this Middle Age drama, because it portrays Everymans progress from fear of death to a Christian resignation that is prelude to redemption (115).The characters in the play dwell of subjects, verbs, and objects. The main character in the drama is Everyman, but the name is a representation of mankind in general. Everyman asks other characters to follow him on his journeying to death. Firstly, Everyman goes to Fellowship who is his friend, but the archetypical to forsake him by suggesting drinking or socializing with women instead of going on journey of death. Secondly, he asks his family members, clan and Cousin, to join him on his journey. However, Kindred and Co usin are disloyal to Everyman by reminding him of the things he has never done for them. Thirdly, Everyman refers to advanceds, which are Everymans belongings.However, he is thwart to find out that he cannot take his material possessions with him to his grave. Fourthly, Everyman calls upon vertical Deeds. expert Deeds is unable to accompany Everyman immediately, but recommends first going and disquisition to knowledge. Lastly, Everyman takes total Deeds advice and goes to Knowledge. Knowledge leads Everyman to Confession in dictate for Everyman to acknowledge his sin and be forgiven. Good Deeds rises again and Everyman asks Good Deeds, Beauty, Strength, Discretion, and Five Wits to join him on his journey to death. Although they all affiliate and follow him, they run away when they approach his grave except for Good Deeds. Therefore, by closing of the play the audience can conclude that Good Deeds is the only character who did not betray Everyman.In conclusion, Everyman is a medieval theater piece that teaches a lesson to the readers about the importance of life, which is that the things an individual does for others during his lifetime are what counts at the end of ones life. Everyman first thought his family, friends, and belongings would be there when he dies, but realizes that no(prenominal) of that matters when life ends.

Examine the techniques Iago employs to achieve his aims in the play Othello

In traditional Shakespearean tragedies the protagonist is un through with(p) through their confess fatal flaw. The reckon Othello is different because there is a villain which is unusual for a Shakespearean tragedy. In the crook Macbeth, the tragic events occur because of Macbeths own fatal flaw of ambition. However in the play Othello Iago, one of the main characters manipulates Othellos fatal flaw of greedyly which leads to the tragic destruction of the play.He says how he is using Othello by embodying him I follow solely myself he is pretending to be loyal to Othello but is really doing it for his own benefit. Iago schemes revenge on Othello when he gives Cassio the job of lieutenant or else of to him he describes himself as worth no worse a break through and is baseing that he thinks highly of himself. Even after he manages to bum around Cassio dismissed and replaces him as lieutenant, he still continues to carry out his plan of destruction. This reveals that the rea son of Iagos plans are merely just for fun.Iago deceives everyone even Roderigo who supports him, not subtile everything round Iagos plans, he even questions why he ever do a fool my purse which shows he is only using Roderigo for his own benefit. No-one in the play seems to know what Iago is really similar. He manipulates everyone in the play to gain their trust although he only uses them. Cassio praises Iago by saying that he had sung an excellent song, this is because he doesnt know that it was actually because of Iago that he was dismissed from the job of lieutenant.Iago is seen as a manipulative and evil character, he betrays Othello by telling Brabantio that Desdemona is married to Othello youre robbed an old black ram is tupping your fair ewe, he uses crude, sexual imagery to make their marriage seem worse than it is to make Brabantio angry because his daughter got married without his consent. He constantly makes anti-Semite(a) comments about Othello by referring to him as thick-lips and tries to make him seem like a bad character, because in Shakespearean times it was seen as wrong for a white woman to marry a black man.Iago tries to convince himself that Othello has had an function with is wife I hate the Moor, And it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets Hes done my office. Iago is jealous even though he is not completely sure that Othello has had an bout with his wife. He treats Emilia badly he tells her to be not acknown ont he makes her do what he wants and tell her to pretend she does not know anything about Desdemonas hankey. He also makes general bad comments about women she give you so much of her lips as of her tongue he is saying that Emilia duologue too much, something which she shouldnt do.Iago has a general dislike for women and stabs Emilia when she realises what he has done he also causes Othello to hit Desdemona in public and makes him call her a whore to her face. To make Othello jealous he makes out that Desdemona is havi ng an affair but he only hints, evasiveness this makes Othello jump to conclusions and finish off the sentences himself Lie with her? Lie on her? Iago does not try to correct him With her, on her, what you go away he just agrees with what Othello is saying.Sometimes when talking to Othello he says something and immediately takes it underpin to get Othello curious. Othello gave Desdemona a hankey which had been passed through his family, Iago tells Emilia to steal it for him and plants it in Cassios bedchamber. He tries to wind up Othello by discretely reminding Othello that Desdemona did not have the handkerchief anymore But if I give my wife a handkerchief, he is tormenting him with the thought that Desdemona is not acting truly loyal to Othello, like Emilia would to Iago.Shakespeare uses asides and soliloquies throughout the play as a dramatic technique. objet dart talking to Othello, Iago says O, you are well turned now But Ill define down the pegs that make this music, A s honest as I am it reminds us of Iagos evil nature, and shows how he is planning Othellos destruction. Soliloquies are similar to asides in what they do in the play. They remind us of what Iago is planning and also show us what he thinks about what he has achieved so far.

Reading Entertainment Books Is a Waste of Time

Some parents believe that redeing diversion concurs is a waste of clip for children, they should nonwithstanding read educational books. What is your opinion? launch your reasons and include your own or relative experience. It is recently asserted that sort of of reading cheer books, children should only read the educational books due to entertainment books waste children time, it is my personal belief that this assertion is built on the rickety ground.There lose following reasons for my opinion. One very strong credit line is that entertainment book is better for children to acknowledge necessitateing. or one thing, entertainment book allow carry more information which not only include traditional educational, but also have more other(a) essential acknowledge, such as imagination, Independent Thinking, a study carried fall out in more than 1000 school covering 1500 children between 7 to 15 years old show that educational book is in general focus on examination and p assively receiving knowledge, it is unbelievable if our children practiced receive education passively, they have not any idea nearly fresh thing in this world, more important, children need more prospect to choice different book type, in other word, every good deal need receive a variety of acknowledge if they want to suppuration healthy in childhood, it is no doubt that single educational book cant fulfill the requirement of children.Another factor we have to consider is that children read entertainment books is beneficial to family, on the one hand, absolutely it is sweet time when parent company with children to read entertainment until children sleep, it is believe that children will have more strong safe feel when they are adult. On around other hand, entertainment book will give more communication topics that will help to parent cross the gap between children. take me as an example, I am used to read my sons entertainment books due to some internet word or sentence I n eed learn from these books, thus my son think his father is same kind twat because we have same language and we have good communication way out based on entertainment book, it is impossible if we just talk about(predicate) educational book. in conclusion, children should read some entertainment books due to it is not waste time, instead, it have positive influence on children growth and family building.

Words of Encouragement

Patrick Draughn Words of Encouragment From the verbotengoing year of 2012 to the incoming class of 2013 we would similar to say praise to you every last(predicate), you made it. It has been a long and the finish line is gradually approaching. This upcoming year exit be the best and worst time s of your risque inform control. There pull up stakes be clock when you cant reckon to get to school to show off your new outfit or to understand homecoming week. There will also be quantify where school is just not where you want to be today and your clay will go that your mind stays at home.These times will get d stimulate and these times will go but the superstar liaison you must toy with is not to parry why you come to school. Do not forget why you are attending high school. Dont forget more or less the test on Monday because you were out with your friends this weekend and didnt feel like studying. Dont forget about the paper due next week because you were too concern deciding what to get Brittany or bobby some affaire for their birthday. Dont be lately to class because you couldnt decide what to wear with your fresh outfit or what accessories will match your dress.No this is not the time to slack off straight is not the time to conduct the infamous virus known as senioritis. Now is the time to focus on your studies, guide your way by means of the path to graduation exercise, and if you decide start figuring out what college you would like to attend if you havent decided already. To the prospective college students now is definitely not the time to get behind on your studies but to get a study plan started. Trust me it will be a necessity. I know there will be times where you feel like giving up and wanting to quit.Ive been there, Ive been up all darkness typing papers and having to get up at the crack of daybreak the next morning for class. Ive been beaten up in go for and having to come home to chores, siblings, and preparation. I had th e job where you had to work on weekends and homework was due Mondays instead of Wednesdays. I never said the road to graduation was easy but I promise it will be outlay it, and after that road ends many more roads will unhorse to form. Its always wise to plan your next destination and whether it whitethorn be college, military, workforce, or etc. make sure youre making the in good order decision for yourself and no one else.You have control of your own destiny. I remember my senior year I was commander of the absolute ROTC at my high school, captain of two sports teams, and I also had a job. Although there were times when giving up felt like the easiest thing to do I had to sit back and think was it the RIGHT thing to do. I received many rewards honor roll, medals, even a ground championship ring so its say to say I have accomplished many things throughout my high school experience but my biggest achievement was walking across that stage looking my star topology in his face an d shaking his hand while he gave me my diploma.I knew that I was finally finished e reallything was complete. I remember sitting down with my grandma who is is a big influence on my life. We sat down and talked about college she told me how no one in our family has ever been to college and if I decided to go id be the very first. That was more than enough motivation for me to choose the right path for me so hopefully the right path for you students will be easy as well. In choosing your path I want you to remember one thing that my grandmother always told me.My grandmother was a very wise woman and although we had many conversations I never remember them all but I do remember that specific conversation oer the rest because she told me something that has been engraved in my mind ever since that night. She said deal can take a lot of things from you money, cars, clothes, homes, even your life but theres one thing no one will never be able to take from you and thats your education. S o to the upcoming senior class of 2013 I say good luck congratulations and may your road or path guide you to your destiny.

University College

David John golf club was born on January 28, 1935, in capital of the United Kingdoms lower-middle-class East End, the only news of a actor father and a staunchly Catholic mformer(a). The familys straitened economic situation, his traditionalist Catholic up postulateing, and the dangers of war clock time London left their mark on young David. He began his desexualise-back young (un published) at eighteen while calm a student at University College, London, where he received his B. A. in side of meat (with prototypal-year honors) in 1955 and an M. A. in 1959.Between times cabargont performed what was then an obligatory theme Service (1955-1957). Although the two twenty-four hour periods were in a life story wasted, his stint in the army did give him time to complete his initial published sassy, The Picturegoers , and material for his second, Ginger, Youre Barmy , as substantially as the urge to continue his studies.In 1959 he married to Mary Frances Jacob they had 3 children. later on a year working as an assistant at the British Council, conciliate sexual unioned the faculty at the University of Birmingham, where he completed his Ph. D. in 1969 he eventu each(prenominal)y attained the position of full professor of modern side literature in 1976. The mid-1960s prove an especially important termination in commoves per discussional and professional livelihood.He became close friends with fellow worker critic and originalist Malcolm Bradbury (then also at Birmingham), under whose influence squeeze wrote his first comic fiction, The British M enforceum Is falling Down , for which the publisher, not so comically, forgot to give way review copies he was awarded a Harkness Commonwealth Fellowship to study and get in the United States for a year (1964-1965) he published his first searing study, the influential The Language of Fiction (1966) and he learned that his trey child, Christopher, suffered from Down syndrome (a biographical fact that manifests itself obliquely at the end of push finished of the nurture and to a greater extent than overtly in unity of the plots of How further move You Go? ). conciliates second locomote to the United States, this time as visiting professor of English at the University of California at Berkeley in 1969, during the height of the Free Speech Movement and political unrest, played its begin in the conceiving and composition of his second comic new, Changing Places , as did the overcritical essays he was then musical composition and would later collect in The Novelist at the Crossroads (1971) and Working with Structuralism (1981). The cash award that went along with the Whitbread loot for his adjoining novel, How distant asshole You Go? , enabled stick around to reduce his instruction duties to half-year and to devote himself more than fully to his compose.He transformed his participation in the recent Language Associations 1978 conference in b be-assed York, the 1979 pile Joyce Symposium in Zurich, and a iii- calendar week human race tour of conferences and British Council speaking engagements into his well-nigh commercially successful book, venial World , later adapted for British goggle box. His reputation growing and his financial situation brightening, Lodge donated all royalties from his next book, Write On Occasional Essays, 65-85 (1986), to CARE (Cottage and Rural Enterprises), which maintains communities for mentally handicapped adults. In 1987 he took advantage of early retirement (part of prime(a) Minister Margaret Thatchers austerity plan for British universities) so that he could work full time as a writer. Lodge before long published nirvana News (1991) and Therapy (1995).He also published two collections of essays, After Bakhtin Essays on Fiction and Criticism (1990) The Art of Fiction (1992), and a comedic play, The penning Game (1991). Especially popular for his faculty member novels, Lodge enjoyed an i ncreasingly weapons-grade critical reception in the 1990s. The piece of writing Game was adapted for television in 1996, and Lodge was named a Fellow of Goldsmiths College in London in 1992. In 1996 he published The Practice of Writing , a collection of seventeen essays on the creative process. In this school text he treats fiction writers who give up influenced him, from James Joyce to Anthony Burgess, and comments on the modern-day novelist and the creation of publishing the main focus, however, is on adapting his own work, as well as the work of Charles Dickens and Harold Pinter, for television.Lodge remained a supporter of CARE and separate organizations financial support the mentally handicapped (the subject of mental handicaps appears briefly in Therapy in a reference to the central characters sisters dedication to a mentally handicapped son). He retained the gentle of Honorary Professor of Modern English Literature at the University of Birmingham. In addition to inte rests in television, theater, and film, Lodge maintained an interest in lawn tennis that is sometimes reflected in the novels. Literary Forms Mediating amongst theory and practice, David Lodge has proved himself one of Englands ablest and most arouse literary critics. Among his influential critical books are The Language of Fiction (1966) and The Novelist at the Crossroads (1971).In addition to his novels and criticism, he has written short stories, television screenplays of some of his novels, and (in collaboration with Malcolm Bradbury and Jim Duckett) several sarcastic revues. Achievements As a novelist Lodge has made his mark in three seemingly distinct up to now, in Lodges case, surprisingly appropriate theatre of operationss as a writer of Catholic novels, of campus fiction, and of whole kit and caboodle that somehow negotiate to be at once reliableist and postmodern. The publication of Changing Places in 1975 and Small World nine age later brought Lodge to the atte ntion of a more than larger (especially American) audience. Changing Places won some(prenominal) the Yorkshire Post and Hawthornden prizes, How Far Can You Go?received the Whitbread Award, and Nice Work was shortlisted for Great Britains prestigious Booker Prize. Literary Analysis In order to construe David Lodges novels, it is necessary to place them in the context of postwar British literaturethe Movement writers and angry young men of the 1950s, whose attacks on the English class system had an obvious appeal to the author of The Picturegoers , the English Catholic novel and campus novel traditions, and finally the postmodernism to which British fiction (it is oftentimes claimed) has proved especially resistant. In addition, Lodges novels are importantly and doubly autobiographical. They draw not only on important events in the authors life, nevertheless also on his work as a literary critic.In The Language of Fiction Lodge defends the aesthetic hardiness and continuing viab ilty of realist writing on the basis of linguistic mastery alternatively than fidelity to life, and in The Novelist at the Crossroads he rejects Robert Scholess bifurcation of contemporary fiction into fabulistic and journalistic modes, positing the problematic novel in which the novelist innovatively builds his hesitation as to which mode to adopt into the novel. Lodges own novels are profoundly pluralistic yet manifest the authors clear palpate of aesthetic, social, and personal limitations as well as his awareness of working both within and against certain traditions and forms. The Picturegoers Set in a lower-middle-class area of London much like the one in which Lodge grew up, The Picturegoers is an interesting and even ambitious work marred by melodramatic excesses. As the plural of its title implies, The Picturegoers deals with a fairly large number of more or less main characters.Lodges title also is declarative mood of his tale method abrupt cinematic shifts surrounded by the different plots, use of a similarly shifting focalizing technique, and a stylizing of the narrative discourse in order to reflect features of an individual characters verbal panorama patterns. Of the seven main characters, Mark Underwood is the most important. A pass Catholic and aspiring writer, he arrives in London, rents a room in the home of a conservative Catholic family, the Mallorys, and falls in neck with the daughter, Clare, formerly a Catholic novitiate. The affair ordain change them Clare will become sexually awakened and then skeptical when Mark abandons her for the universality from which she has begun to distance herself.Interestingly, his return to the Church seems selfish and insincere, an ironic sign not of his redemption but of his bad faith. Ginger, Youre Barmy Dismissed by its author as a work of missed possibilities and an act of visit against Great Britains National Service, Ginger, Youre Barmy continues Lodges dual exploration of narrative techni que and moral matters and largely succeeds on the basis of the solution Lodge found for the technical problem which the writing of the novel posed how to write a novel about the tedium of military life without making the novel itself tedious to read. Lodge work out the problem by choosing to concentrate the action and double his narrator-protagonist Jonathan Brownes story.Lodge focuses the story on the first few weeks of canonical training, particularly Jonathans relationship with the altruistic and organicly, though conservatively, principled Mike Brady, a poorly educated Irish Catholic, who soon runs afoul of the military authorities on the accidental death or perhaps suicide of Percy Higgins and on Jonathans last days before being mustered out two years later. Lodge then frames this already-doubled story with the tale of Jonathans telling, or writing, of these events three years later, with Jonathan now married (to Mikes former girlfriend), having fagged the past three yea rs awaiting Mikes release from prison. The novels frame structure suggests that Jonathan has improved morally from the self-centered doubter he was to the selfless friend he has become, but his telling problematizes the egress of his development.Between Mikes naive faith and Jonathans intellectual uneasiness and perhaps self-serving confession there opens up an abyss of interrogative for the reader. The British Museum Is Falling Down This moral questioning takes a truly different form in Lodges next novel. The British Museum Is Falling Down is a parodic pastiche about a day in the passing literary and (sexually) very Catholic life of ecstasy Appleby, a twenty-five-year- old graduate student trying to complete his chew out before his stipend is depleted and his growing family overwhelms his slender financial resources. fearsome but by no means in despair, Adam begins to contrive literature and life as each event in the wildly improbable series that makes up his day unfolds in its own unequivocally parodied style.The parodies are fun but also have a semi real pop the question, the undermining of all forms of authority, religious as well as literary. Parodic in form, The British Museum Is Falling Down is comic in intent in that Lodge wrote it in the expectation of change in the churchs position on birth control. The failure of this expectation would lead Lodge fifteen years later to turn the comedy inside out in his darker novel, How Far Can You Go? Out of the Shelter Published after The British Museum Is Falling Down but conceived earlier, Out of the Shelter is a more serious but also less successful novel. Modeled on a trip Lodge made to Germany when he was sixteen, Out of the Shelter attempts to combine the Bildungsroman and the Jamesian global novel.In three parts of increasing length, the novel traces the life of Timothy Young from his earliest years in the London attack to the four weeks he spends in Heidelberg in the early 1950s with his sist er, who works for the American army of occupation. With the help of those he meets, Timothy begins the process of overture out of the shelter of home, conservative Catholicism, unambitious lower-middle-class parents, provincial, impoverished England, and sexual immaturity into a world of abundance as well as ambiguity. Lodges Joycean stylization of Timothys maturing outlook proves much less successful than his portrayal of Timothys life as a series of transitions in which the desire for freedom is sullenset by a desire for shelter, the desire to participate by the desire to observe.Even in the epilogue, Timothy, now thirty, married, and in the United States on a study grant, finds himself dissatisfy (even though he has clearly done better than any of the novels other characters) and afraid of the future. Changing Places Lodge translates that fear into a quite different key in Changing Places. Here Lodges genius for combining opposites becomes fully unequivocal as the serious Tim othy Young gives way to the hapless English liberal-humanist Philip Swallow, who leaves the shelter of the University of Rummidge for the talkative pleasures of the State University of Euphoria in Plotinus (Berkeley). Swallow is half of Lodges faculty and narrative exchange program the other is Morris Zapp, also forty, an pedantic Norman Mailer, arrogant and ambitious.Cartoonish as his charactersor rather caricaturesmay be, Lodge makes them and their complementary as well as mate misadventures in orthogonal parts humanly interesting. The real energy of Changing Places lies, however, in the intersect plots and styles of this duplex novel. The first two chapters, Flying and Settling, get the novel off to a self-consciously omniscient but otherwise conventional start. Corresponding, however, switches to the epistolatory mode, and Reading furthers the action (and the virtuosic display) by offering a series of newspaper items, press releases, flysheets, and the like. Changing reve rts to conventional narration (but in a highly stylized way), and Ending takes the form of a filmscript.Set at a time of political activism and literary innovation, Changing Places is clearly a problematic novel written by a novelist at the crossroads, aware of the means at his disposal but unwilling to privilege any one over any or all of the others. How Far Can You Go? Lodge puts the postmodern plays of Changing Places to a more overtly serious purpose in How Far Can You Go? It is a work more insistently referential than any of Lodges other novels but also paradoxically more self-questioning a fiction about the verifiably real world that nevertheless radically insists upon its own status as fiction. The novel switches back and forth between the sometimes discrete, yet always at last related stories of its ten main characters as freely as it does between the mimetic levels of the story and its narration.The parts make up an interconnected yet highly discontinuous whole, tracing th e lives of its ten characters from 1952 (when nine are university students and members of a Catholic study group led by the tenth, Father Brierly) through the religious, sexual, and sociopolitical changes of the 1960s and 1970s to the deaths of two popes, the installation of the conservative John capital of Minnesota II, and the writing of the novel How Far Can You Go? in 1978. The auctorial narrators attitude toward his characters is at once distant and familiar, puckish and compassionate. Their religious doubts and moral questions strike the reader as quaintly naive, the go forth of a narrowly Catholic upbringing. Yet the lives of reader and characters as well as authorial narrator are also strangely parallel in that (to borrow Lodges own metaphor) each is tortuous in a game of Snakes and Ladders, moving narratively, psychologically, socially, and religiously ahead one moment, only to fall suddenly behind the next.The characters stumble into sexual maturity, marry, have childre n, have affairs, get divorced, declare their homosexuality, suffer illnesses, breakdowns, and crises of faith, convert to other religions, and join to form Catholics for an Open Church. All the while the authorial narrator of this most postmodern of post- Vatican II novels proceeds with self-conscious caution, possessed of his own set of doubts, as he moves toward the open novel. Exploring various lives, plots, voices, and styles, Lodges trickily wrought yet ultimately provisional narrative keeps circling back to the question that troubles his characters How far can you go? in the search for what is vital in the living of a life and the writing (or reading) of a novel. Small WorldLodge goes still further, geographically as well as narratively speaking, in his next novel. A campus fiction for the age of the global campus, Small World begins at a decidedly provincial meeting in Rummidge in 1978 and ends at a mammoth Modern Language Association conference in New York one year later, with numerous international stops in between as Lodge recycles characters and invents a host of intersecting stories (or narrative pip paths). The pace is frenetic and thematically exhaustive but, for the delighted reader, never exhausting. The basic plot upon which Lodge plays his add-on variations begins when Persse McGarriglepoet and conference virginmeets the elusive angelica Pabst.As Angelica pursues literary theory at a number of international conferences, Persse pursues her, occasionally glimpsing her sister, a pornographic actress, Lily Papps, whom he mistakes for Angelica. Meanwhile, characters from earlier Lodge novels re-emerge to engage in affairs and rivalries, all in the international academician milieu. A parody of (among other things) the medieval quest, Lodges highly allusive novel proves at once entertaining and instructive as it combines literary modes, transforms the traditional novels world of characters into semiotics world of signs, and turns the tables on contemporary literary theorys celebrated demystifications by demystifying it. At novels end, Lodge makes a guest appearance, and Persse makes an exit, in pursuit of another object of his chaste desire.The quest continues, but that narrative fact does not mean that the novel necessarily endorses the kind of extreme open-endedness or inconclusiveness that characterizes certain contemporary literary theories. Rather, the novel seems to side with the speculate Morris Zapp, who has lost his faith in deconstruction, claiming that although the deferral of meaning may be endless, the individual is not Death is the one concept you cant deconstruct. Work back from there and you end up with the old desire of an autonomous self. Nice Work Zapps reduced expectations typify Lodges eighth novel, Nice Work , set almost wholly in Rummidge but alsoas in How Far Can You Go? evidencing his interest in bringing purely literary and academic matters to bear on larger social issues.The essential double ness of this geographically modified novel manifests itself in a series of contrasts between the nineteenth and 20th centuries, literature and life, the Industrial Midlands and Margaret Thatchers economically thriving (but morally bankrupt) London, anthropoid and female, and the novels two main characters. Vic Wilcox, age forty-six, managing director of a family-named but conglomerate-owned foundry, rather ironically embodies the male qualities his name implies. Robyn Penrose is everything Vic Wilcox is not young, attractive, intellectual, cosmopolitan, idealistic, politically aware, sexually liberated, as androgynous as her name, and, as temporary referee in womens studies and the nineteenth century novel, ill-paid. The differences between the two are evident even in the narrative language, as Lodge takes nervous strain to unobtrusively adjust discourse to character.The sections devoted to Vic, a phallic conformation of bloke, are appropriately straightforward, whereas those d ealing with Robyn, a character who doesnt hope in character, reflect her high degree of self-awareness. In order to bring the two characters and their quite different worlds together, Lodge invents an Industry Year phantasm Scheme that involves Robyns following Vic around one workday per week for a semester. Both are at first reluctant participants. choler slowly turns into dialogue, and dialogue eventually leads to bed, with sexual roles reversed. Along the way Lodge smuggles in a handleable amount of literary theory as Vic and Robyn enter each others worlds and words the phallo and logocentric literalmindedness of the one attack up against the feminist-semiotic awareness of the other.Each comes to understand, even appreciate, the other. Lodge does not stop there. His final result is implausible, in fact flatly unconvincing, but deliberately soa parody of the only solutions that, as Robyn points out to her students, the Victorian novelists were able or willing to offer to the problems of industrial capitalism a legacy, a marriage, exile or death. Robyn will receive two proposals of marriage, a lucrative trade offer, and an inheritance that will enable her to finance the small company Vic, latterly fired, will found and direct and also enable her to stay on at Rummidge to try to make her utopian dream of an educated, classless English society a reality.The impossibly happy ending suggests just how slenderise her chances for success are, but the very existence of Lodges novel seems to undermine this irony, leaving Nice Work and its reader on the ensnare between aspiration and limitation, belief and skepticism, the womanise of how things should be and the reality, or realism, of how things area border area that is one of the hallmarks of Lodges fiction. Paradise News Paradise News centers on the quest motif and the conflicts of a postmodern English Catholic. Bernard Walsh, a sceptical theologican, was formerly a priest but now teaches theology at t he University of Rummidge. Summoned, along with his father, to see his aunt, who left England after World War II and is now dying in Hawaii, Walsh signs up for a package tour to save money. The rumpled son and his curmudgeon father join a comic assortment of honeymooners, disgruntled families, and other eccentrics Lodge calls an airport scene carnivalesque. When the father breaks his leg on the first morning, Bernard must negotiate to bring his father and his aunt together so that his aunt can finally reveal and overcome the sexual pervert she suffered in childhood. Bernards journey to Hawaii becomes a journey of breakthrough in his sexual initiation with Yolande, who gently leads him to know himself and his body. A major(ip) theme, as the title suggests, is paradise. Hawaii is the false paradiseparadise lost, fallen, or packaged by the tourist industryyet a beautiful, infixed backdrop is there, however worn and sullied. Paradise emerges from within the individuals who learn to talk to one another. The news from paradise includes Bernards long letter to himself, which he secretly delivers to Yolande, and letters home from members of the tour group.As with Lodges other novels, prominent themes are desire and repression in English Catholic families and a naive academics quest for self. In a hard tangle of human vignettes, Bernard moves from innocence and repression to an awakening of both body and spiritan existential journey that is both comic and poignant. Therapy Therapy centers on another unearthly and existential quest. Lawrence (Tubby) Passmore, successful writer of television comedies, is troubled by genu pains and by anxiety that leads him, after reading the works of Soren Kierkegaard, to consider himself the unhappiest man. Seeking psychotherapy, aromatherapy, massage therapy, and acupuncture, Tubby moves through a haze of ill-doing and anxiety.When his wife of thirty years asks for a divorce, he seeks solace with a series of women, with each q uest ending in comic failure. ghost with Kierkegaards unrequited love, Tubby launches a quest for the sweetheart whom he feels he wronged in adolescence. Lodges concern with the blurring of literary forms is evident in Tubbys preoccupation with writing in his journal, sometimes writing Browningesque monologues for other characters. Opening with an epigraph from Graham Greene asserting that writing itself is therapy, Lodge takes Tubby through a quest for self through writing that coincides with a literal pilgrimage when he joins his former sweetheart, Maureen, on a hiking pilgrimage in Spain.When Tubby at last finds Maureen, her recollections of their teenage romance minimize his guilt, and his troubles seem trivial in comparison with her losing a son and surviving breast cancer. At the end, Tubby is planning a trip (a pilgrimage) to Kierkegaards home with Maureen and her husband. Tubbys real therapy has been self-discovery through writing in his journal other therapies and journeys have failed. Intertwined with existential angst, Tubbys physical and psychological journeys are both comic and sad, with an underlying sense of the power of human goodness and the need to overcome repressions. Findings and discussion refinement References

Curriculum packages,proposals or prescriptions? Advantages and Disadvantages Essay

This exposition depart explore some of the major(ip) benefits of an adaptive approach to course slaying in Zimbabwe, as a pose to an adoptive approach, namely increased professional autonomy and original freedom for instructors, relevance to learner demographics and a substantial eruditeness experience. Considerations will also be made of the constraints of such an approach, chiefly the issue of option intensity, accountability and control. It will also outline the applicability of an adoptive approach, in Zimbabwes examination oriented educational system, where homogeneity of delivery at the peripheral level is of essence. A curriculum provides the framework for how and when to teach what.McKimm (2007) suggests, the curriculum defines learning outcomes, timetables, content, appropriate belief methods and assessment instruments. Materials such as teachers draw ins, recommended text books and syllabi for each subject all form interpreter of the curriculum big money. In the Zimbabwean context, the curriculum softw atomic number 18 software package is arranged by the centre, called the Central Curriculum Development Unit (CDU). The CDU prepares and distributes the curriculum package to the miscellaneous provinces via the district office to the schools. Taking the curriculum as a marriage offer is equivalent using it as a prop on the stage, its a mere accessory, and it accentuates the core theme of the story.It gives the setting while the genuine script is in the hands of the director and cast who are the teacher and the learners respectively. In this case, modifications can be made to suit the geographical and mixer location of the learners. While a normative approach implies the curriculum package is a script which is to be aped word for word and gesture by gesture, mimicking the demands of the examination. A prescription enforces rules about how a subject should be taught as such the teacher is like a drill sergeant implementing objectives i n finite timeframes.To begin with, Ndawi and Maravanyika (2011), argue that education and human experiences are also wide and too complex to be reduced down to identifiable and measurable objectives. From this tenet, one can contend that when a curriculum package is holdd as a recommendation quite an than dogma the teacher can regard every exchange as an opportunity for learning to occur, even when tacitly expressed in the curriculum package. Using this approach, the teacher is limited neither by explicit goals nor by resourcefulnesss, which are sometimes in short supply in resettlement schools, but rather empowered to incorporate innovative tactics, rich creativity and a alimental range of experiences into his instruction.The product is a well-rounded and adaptable member of the wider society. By contrast having a prescribed curriculum, with involveed and measurable goals, unambiguous methods, specified teaching aids and finite timeframes, is a motivating factor for teacher s in the Zimbabwean context where incentives inspire those whose pupils attain a certain level of pedantic prowess, measured strictly through structured examinations. Thus, it can be give tongue to that the system rewards homogeneity much than heterogeneity.What Lawton (1980) terms teachers decriminalize desire for professional autonomy has been motivated by the pronouncement by the Zimbabwean ministry of education to develop the standard of the teaching fraternity by awarding degreed teachers with job security and a disparate pay subdue from that of their diploma holder counterparts. This arch of empowerment and upward mobility can realize a proposal based approach, which requires highly trained and resourceful teachers. To this end, it is expedient to approach the curriculum package as a suggested plan of treat or recommendation, as it fulfills the teachers need to express his tact and self actualise.On the contrary, this adaptive approach can be resource intensive. It t akes expertise to enforce variations in curriculum delivery, and training this highly good manpower may not be financially feasible for the ministry of education. Where teachers are minimally trained or untrained as in the case of temporary teachers in Zimbabwe, the prescriptive slant tends to be enormously reformative as it defines exactly what to teach, when to teach it and how it should be taught. Textbooks and teachers guide explicitly state procedure.The Indian National Council of Educational Research and tuition (2006) asserts, diversity of languages, social customs, manners, more thans and uneven economic development, the needs and demands of individuals and society will gather in differential pulls on the school curriculum, varying from one section to the other. Similarly, in Zimbabwe an adaptive approach can cater for the range of abilities, tribal nuances and economic strata lay down in any school community or classroom. In this light, the teacher is given room to i mprovise using topical anaestheticly available material, from the communitys culture and landscape, to suit learner demographics, thus the learning experience becomes socially relevant, meaningful and learners gain a aesthesis of ownership of their education.Adversely, Lawton (1980), in this statement, secondary-modern-school curricula, often lacked structure and purpose, alludes to the unconstructiveness, that can be generated by a laissez-faire approach to curriculum interpretation, where teachers have panoptic flexibility to manipulate their instruction to suit the demographics of their community rather than the linguistic universal values which may be tested at Grade 7, O Level and A Level examinations.The prescriptive approach to curriculum implementation satisfies thepolitical need for some kind of system of accountability Lawton (1980), as in the Zimbabwean case where there are considerably more state funded rural day schools than there are independent ones. When the pr escriptive approach is unequivocally applied, teachers can account for their time and the resources the state has invested in the system by way of mid and end of term and utmost examinations, whereas, hybrid varieties of curriculum are more complex to control, monitor and assess. livery problems can be easily diagnosed and corrected. Again, variations may tend to be too localized, producing a breed of learners with limited regional or international marketability in this era of globalization and the information boom. In a subject like science and mathematics there is not much scope for local variations and the adoption of common textbooks in all parts of the country is feasible.Eunitah et al (2013) imply that, in developing socialist educational contexts like Zimbabwe, it is wrong to do away with centrally prescribed curricula in order to happen upon uniformity in the provision of education. This uniformity means, all students in Zimbabwe use standardized learning material and re ceive a standard educational experience. When a student transfers from a rural to an urban school, as is the trend in developing countries, he has the assurance of continuity. Thus, the prescriptive approach to curriculum implementation achieves meritocracy and functionality.Moreover, the Zimbabwean curriculum pays more attention to acquired skills that can be measured it is largely objectives oriented, in that learning outcomes are evaluated through summational examinations, from time to time. To this end, a prescriptive approach is more effective, as it provides exact standards and expectations of the learner while limiting deviations which may otherwise be of no relevance to the learner, come examination time. Lawton (1980) points out the love-hate relationship teachers may have with the examination system, though meritocratic and fair it can extend so far into the classroom that it stifles independent thinking, self-discovery, curiosity and creativity, which form part of wholes ome learning.It can be concluded that while taking the curriculum package as a proposal, encourages a broader range of experiences and an expansive exercise of potentialities in learners due to its adaptability to various geographical and economic circumstances as is found in Zimbabwe. The prescriptive approach is equally beneficial and perhaps more applicable to Zimbabwe because of the nature of the education system which is examination oriented.

A Monologue for Love Essay

What becomes of the broken hearted? Nothing. You think you know come then that love turns out to be an egotistical self-involved bastard whos no braver than the house mouse living in your walls waiting til you least waitress it. Ive do mistakes before. whole nothing compares to the ones made with him. The ones made in his arms, his unloving put on arms embrace that somehow once made me feel warm and made heart be tender. And in that false embrace I made mistakes under false illusions. Illusions that this.. boy, this child, could love me and pull in me feel like a wo existence A woman I am not, I am but a child, a missy who has been broken by the same boy too umteen times and more. I tried to end it once, twice, and ended it be on the fifth. But this was all too little too late, as he had fey me and I him.And is it so much to ask that I be love again? It must have been for once another man love me A man this time. Not a child, a boy. A man. And this man I turned down. I g ave him false reason. For the real reason was that I did wish to be with this man but I was too afraid. The cultism growing inside of me, a seed planted by a boy. And in the heat of the moment I fell for that man only to wake the morrow to tell him it cannot be. Months later now, I thought I had positive(p) myself of this false reason. But in a moment of peace, no distractions to bribe my judgment, my heart caught up to my head and told me of the real reason. And now I am dead. The seed has stopped growing. But its venomous flower has already bloomed and do its damage. I am but one of many broken hearted souls with many mistakes done and many more to proceed, to follow. And I ask of you now What should a girl do? When she no longer welcomes love But quite wishes it she had never known?

Assessing Competency

The pick outledge provided in the scenario was truly very detailed however it did non cover every topic. There be a few things I would desire to know round the suspect. oneness of the things discussed were his mental issues he has been suffering for quite some era. What the scenario does non claim is what is typesetd to be the arrange of his illness. The scenario too mentions that he had been pickings anti psychosis medications however it does not say for how long or what kind.As a psychologist it would be crucial for me to queue this information out. The reason for this would be that if a tolerant is taking anti psychosis care for for a blockage of succession and abruptly stops taking them it could cause the longanimous to actually go into a psychotic state of mind. The scenario states that the unhurried was not taking the medicine at the succession of the murder. As a psychologist I would desire to find out how long he was taking them prior to the murder and when did he stop taking the medicine forrader the murders exitred.As this somebodys psychologist in modulate to completely give them a full review and determine with the shell of judgment how competent this person is I would also need to gain all of the diligents mental health records, what type of give-and-take has been given in the past, sooner it was effective or ineffective, what the patients state of mind was at the time of the hospitalization, thus being pre and post functioning of the patient. The near important thing of all when assessing competency in this particular type of case is rather or not the patient under affiliations the full consequences of their actions.In order for a person to be legally decl atomic number 18d incompetent to foot run they must be evaluated and found to not understand the difference between right from wrong. It is morally and legally unethical to prosecute someone who does not understand what they are being prosecuted for. Some people who I would want to gain for collateral information on the patient would be those who cast off had the closest contact with him. First I would start off with the aesculapian professionals that feed had contact with him in the past such as his previous(prenominal) psychologists and doctors.These people would be the best when obtaining the most professional and unbiased opinions virtually his mental health issues. Next I would interview the patients friends and get their individual(prenominal) opinions on what type of port they have experienced with the patient. The true guinea pig of the patient would be most accurately revealed here because they are friends not nessicarily people who have negatively affected him. If any(prenominal)thing these would be the people who have most likely kept him in control of his feelings because they would be the ones who are his support network.Friends can be someone he could talk to without personal judgment and ridicule. Family members of course would also be crucial in acquiring information about the patient because they are the ones who interact with him on a daily basis. In the scenario it says that he has been especially violent towards family members for example he had violently attacked his sister in an attempt to seriously hurt or otherwise kill her. Finally I might want to contact previous employers and teachers.These people would be able to give their testimony about his character on a professional level. Past school teachers may be able to shed some light on his favorable status when it comes to interaction with his peers. For example I would find out things like was he a loner, was he social or anti-social, was he low-key or was he very out spoken, and did he ever shew any type of aggressive behavior towards other students or teachers. He may have been teased in school so I would want to find out if that situation has occurred.Those who are ridiculed by their peers testament tend to act out in advers e ways. It is very great(p) to determine rather or not the patient is competent to stand trial or not. There is just too much information missing. I would need to conduct a better evaluation of the patient myself instead of going by the information obtained in the scenario report. For instance I would have to evaluate the patient by reviewing how his mental state is before taking the anti-psychosis medicine and then conduct a study of how his behavior is when he is taking the anti-psychotics.Then I would have to determine if any of his past behaviors are possibly linked to not taking the medicine or not. In the scenario it says that he was taking anti-psychosis medicine for a period of time however he was not taking them at the time of the murder. I would want to find out what type of medicine he was on, how it was working for him, and when he stopped. If he just abruptly stopped taking the medicine it could have caused his lucid state of mind and caused the actions that had occurr ed.However if he was on anti-psychotic medicine and still believed stuff like the delusions he was experiencing pertaining to the mayor being part of the CIA and his sister needing to be destroyed then it is extremely unlikely that he is even remotely competent to stand trial. In order to assess his competency I would need to ask a series of questions. I would want to ask things like Can you exempt to me the charges that are being pressed against you? Can you tell me some of the consequences that could occur if you are convicted?What happened to your parents that has brought you to this situation? What could some of the verdicts be? What are some of the consequences of those verdicts? basically just to get an understanding of rather or not the patient thoroughly understands the charges that are brought against them and some of the consequences of those charges. I would also want to determine if the patient understands the entire trial process and the role that each person plays within the trial. If I was called to testify on behalf of my professional opinion of the endangerment of future violence of the victim I would.However I would excite it clear that when the patient is taking his anti-psychosis medicine his symptoms are mild and for the most part controlled. I would also let the judge and jury know that he does suffer from his schizophrenia and that while he may be taking anti-psychosis medicine it is no guarantee that he will not have a future hallucination or outburst that could cause a violent reaction. After all he does suffer from an incurable disease and all he can do is manage it.I could however provide information on the levels of violence that has occurred throughout his treatment starting from beginning to end and see if the violence has increased or lessened over the course of treatment. This type of thorough presentation would back up the judge and jury to better understand and determine the risk that the patient may or may not cause t o society. I would also provide my professional opinion on the competency level of the patient and rather or not he is fully competent to stand trial for his accused actions.

Death of a Salesman Essay

How stiff is the demiseing? Who do we sympathise with? Death of a Salesman is a blow go forth based on the examination of American spirit and the effects of the American inspiration. Arthur Miller wrote it in 1948, and shows how career was when aliment a brio based on the American Dream. Willy, a failed salesman spent his life following the American Dream, effecting all of those around him and confidential information him to suicide.The ending of the tactical maneuver greatly effects the feeling and sympathy given for all of the characters. It is a really effective way of ending the philander, as the lastscenes trace along to link very well to show Willys funeral. It allows the characters original feelings to be shown, and the full extent of the American dream is revealed. The ending of the play shows the align feelings and actions of the characters, in particular Happy. Happy shows his true feelings towards his drive and his life passim the play this has not been v ery well shown and Happy has been left a mysterious character. That is until the Requiem, at this point Happy shows his belief in his convey and how much he truly looked up to him, He had no the even up way(a) to do that.There was no necessity for it. We wouldve helped him. Of the twain brothers Happy fluid believes in the American dream, and has fallen for its poor existence. He console supports it later seeing what has happened to his father and the life he has lived. This is shown at the very end of the play, Im not licked that easily. Im staying right in this city, and Im gonna beat this racket I infer Happy believes that he owes it to his father to follow in his footsteps, so that he has at least one masteryful son.Happy spent his life trying to prove himself to his father and mother, as no attention was paid to him,Happy Im gonna get married, Mom. I wanted to specialise you. Linda Go to sleep, dear. Happy (going) I only if wanted to tell you. At the beginning of the play Happy tends to fight for the attention of his parents to over do it pummels success. He is always trying to prove himself and apparently cares for his father. Towards the beginning of the play when Linda and lick begin to worry to a greater extent or less Willys mental state Happy always seems to be the one to carry up for him and care, Hes going to get his licence taken away if he bounds that up. Im getting nervous or so him, yknow, Biff? .As the play progress Happy grows as a person. Although it is not very visible Happy does try to keep the family together. As he sees himself as triple-crown in Willys look he tries to help Biff become successful by compass up a business together, Wait We form two hoops teams, see? Two water-polo teams. We play each other. Its million dollars price of publicity. Two brothers, see? The Loman Brothers. Baby, we could sell sporting goods This all shows that Willy was wrong ab come out his sons, Happy is the son with the coura ge and strength to be part of the American dream.He is the son that will follow on from Willy and either be a success or a failure. Within the ending of the play Biffs true character is also shown. During the play he has a moment of self-realisation, showing him who he really is and how he is living a life of lies. The ending develops this and shows him as who he really is. unsloped before Willys death Biff confronts Willy about eachthing in his life. Biff tries to explain to Willy about how he is living a lie leading to an argument and a loving moment between the two.This shows how the American Dream truly effect those around Willy and brings the play to a good ending. It shows that although the two men had a moment of forgiveness and happiness together it was still not good enough for Willy. As Biff still had no success and did not wish for it Willy still felt a failure. Willy pass judgment Biff to succeed in many ways, from the beginning of the play this is visible. As a child Biff was popular in school and was win in sport although his school grades were dropping.His popularity is visible within the beginning of the play as Willy looks back on his life, Biff goes through the wall-line of kitchen to doorway at the back and calls down Fellas Everybody sweep out the furnace room Ill be right down Voices All right Okay, Biff. Biff George and Sam and Frank, come out back Were hangin up the wash Come on, Hap, on the copy Willy seemed to care more about Biffs popularity and friends rather than his success in school. This is the influence of the American Dream upon Willys life and family. As Biff grows older this still seems to be the case, although Willy also seems to expect Biff to be earning a lot of money.This is Willys idea of success it is more materialistic rather than personal goals. During the end of the play Biff makes a number of short speeches full of his thoughts and feelings. I think this is very effective for the end of the play as it shows em otion in a divers(prenominal) way. An example of one of the speeches is, Pop, get this now, will you? Every time Ive left its been a fight that sent me out of here. today I realised some thing about myself and I act to explain it to you and I I think Im just not smart enough to make any sense out of it for you.To hell with those whose fault it is or anything like that. This shows how Biff feels about himself and his father it is the beginning of the argument and shows great feeling. The very end of the play is shown as Willys funeral, it is very small and consists of only 5 or 6 throng. This is very much different to what Willy expected, he hoped for a large funeral with every one he had ever known or met.These expectations were all repayable to the falsity of the American Dream and the funeral shows this in many ways. It is a very effective ending asthe funeral puts life in prospective for the others and shows their true character. It shows that Biff really cared for his fat her, as he paid little divulge to the amount of people there, he did not need to be move with popularity. Where as Happy was concerned about the funeral and still believed in his fathers dream, Im gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain. He had a good dream. Its the only dream you can have to come out number one-man. There are three other of import characters within the play that show the contrasts and other parts of the harsh verity of the American dream. Howard is Willys boss he cares for money and not people and is also very fascinated with technology. He shows the growing business land and the effects of the American Dream as a truly successful man. His fascination with technology tends to over power his care for people. For example Howard has purchased a Dictaphone and is showing it to Willy whilst he is trying to talk, Willy It certainly is a Howard Sh, for Gods sake His Son Its nine oclock, Bulova watch time. So I have to go to sleep.

Apollo 13

On April 11th 1970 the Apollo 13 Lunar Mission launched from the Kennedy quadruplet Center in Florida. Aboard Apollo 13, 3 astronautsJim Lovell, Jack Swigert and Fred Haisewere seeking to be the third armorial bearing to land on the moon. 56 hours into the flight the members of the build man of Mission Control in Houston, Texas listened as the 5 speech communication NASA neer wants to hear resonated through the speakers Houston we earn a problem. These words were immortalized during the distressed days of the Apollo 13 lunar cathexis crisis. Addition ally, it can be state that Apollo 13 was unrivalled of the greatest achiever stories of human achievement and triumph.Director Ron Howard recreated these big and historical events in the 1995 movie Apollo 13. The Apollo 13 theatrical movie garget provides insight condensing the events of Apollo 13. Furthermore, it illustrates the on-key, real intent narrative that depicts the prevailing personality of human result and t he spirit to quash such adversity. Furthermore the comradely of the flight confederacy and the underseal crowd in Houston, along with the support, legal opinion and prayer from the full(a) humanness as they watched the subsequent events of the disaster unfold, illuminates the miracle that was Apollo 13, and proves unrivalled thing. Failure in non an option.The binary star guessworks in the midst of the flights crew in put and the ground crew in Houston depict the collective follow out of two parties and the importance of aggroupwork in accomplishing a goal. Apollo 13 was not seen hardly as angiotensin converting enzyme disaster totally when a series of grammatical case and effect disasters, each nonpareil building on the previous. In the font of this action the flight crew remained outstandingly calm, analyzed the situation, communicated with the ground crew and took action. Similarly in Houston the ground squad worked together as a team, analyzing the s eries of problems and working together to make it at a assuredness of purpose and plan.The switching between the scenes in blank topographic point and those on the ground were fast, sporadic and at clocks overlapping, particularly during the climax of the disaster. This exemplified the coinciding responsibilities and dependent relationship of both teams. As puff up, a major difficulty with the entire Apollo 13 disaster was that at that time nobodyflight or ground crewknew exactly what happened and how to found it. This is illustrated by the disjointing of each team through separation of the scenes (and scenery). The flight team was shown in outer space, noblectionless in air (due to the absence of gravity), raiment in full-fledged space suits.While the ground team was on body politic working in a mission control room, and clothed in typical work-attire. The flight crew, organism at the event, could not see the results of the sign explosion piece in Houston the ground c rew was not in a much bust position, however having some vital teaching from instruments in the spacecraft. All the while not understanding of the cause of the problem, as well as how dire the situation was, and only knowing it was deteriorating quickly. These binaries effect an understanding that wholeness could not survive without the other working together, teamwork, was their only option.Human will, and the spirit to overcome such adversity can be seen in the hard-work, dedication, sacrifice and trust present by the astronauts and the members of the ground team alike, specially with so much at stakehuman life. In the end, what broke on the Apollo 13 aid module was never fixed. Instead, the ground crew came together and developed a plan of action with only one purpose To soundly indemnification Apollo 13 to hide, and the flight crew only estimateed one ultimate conclusion returning to earth safely.Furthermore while concentrate on one united cause there was only one outcome, and it proved to be a miracle. As well, the au thereforetic leadership and true mess of those involved in Apollo 13 serves as a monitor lizard anything is possible. cistron Krantz, Apollo 13s flight director exhibited true leadership. Gene is known for two quotes, both of which can be seen in the poke Failure is not an option. and Weve never lost an American in space we sure as blaze arent going to lose one on my watch. His refusal to even consider failure as a misadventure was a significant reckon resulting in the return of Apollo 13 to earth.Although addressing the people of complex, compounding issues and problems facing the safe rescue of the flight crew, his perfect visionseeing things not as they were, but as they will bewas important because it refused members of the team to suck in negative thinking. As well Lovells wife when asked by news reported about the events utter her positive thinking and dictated attitude, Take it up with my husband, he will b e here on Friday. The background music of the poking crescendos along with the heightened intensity of the events.The statement by Lovell at the beginning of the trailer, There is zip routing about flying to the moon, through irony foreshadows such an epic, out-of-the ordinary event. Ultimately, the Apollo 13 crew under these facts and circumstances and knowing that these astronauts barely survived the closest observe with death in space was nothing short of a real, true life miracle. The story is nevertheless true, and incredibly inspiring. The final scene of the trailer is a picture of earth in space with Apollo 13 crossways the screen.The simplicity of this final scene in contrast to the epic and grand event is somewhat beat out and truly exemplifies Apollo 13 as one of the greatest success stories. The world stood still, watched and prayed for the safe return of the astronauts, and by overcoming all odds, they did return and in the some remarkable fashion. The success story of Apollo 13 should serve as a reminder that anything is possible. One thing that is show in the trailer is the splendour and epic circumstances that encompass the Apollo 13 mission.There is significant focus on intensity and disaster showcased in the trailer, including climatical and expressive music, musical crescendos, extreme emotion, intense explosions, and fire blazed action. The content producers, however, chose to sift the scene in which the chick takes-off and when the tank of the command module explodes in space. The viewer can then relate and infer the relationship between the two events, and assume that the unthinkable happens, disasters strikes thus leaving the astronauts paramount missionsurvival.Apollo 13On April 11th 1970 the Apollo 13 Lunar Mission launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Aboard Apollo 13, 3 astronautsJim Lovell, Jack Swigert and Fred Haisewere seeking to be the third mission to land on the moon. 56 hours into the flight the me mbers of the ground crew of Mission Control in Houston, Texas listened as the 5 words NASA never wants to hear resonated through the speakers Houston we have a problem. These words were immortalized during the apprehensive days of the Apollo 13 lunar mission crisis. Additionally, it can be said that Apollo 13 was one of the greatest success stories of human achievement and triumph.Director Ron Howard recreated these epic and historical events in the 1995 movie Apollo 13. The Apollo 13 theatrical movie trailer provides insight condensing the events of Apollo 13. Furthermore, it illustrates the true, real life narrative that depicts the prevailing nature of human will and the spirit to overcome such adversity. Furthermore the comradely of the flight crew and the ground crew in Houston, along with the support, thought and prayer from the entire world as they watched the subsequent events of the disaster unfold, illuminates the miracle that was Apollo 13, and proves one thing. Failure in not an option.The binary scenes between the flights crew in space and the ground crew in Houston depict the collective action of both parties and the importance of teamwork in accomplishing a goal. Apollo 13 was not seen merely as one disaster but a series of cause and effect disasters, each one building on the previous. In the face of this action the flight crew remained remarkably calm, analyzed the situation, communicated with the ground crew and took action. Similarly in Houston the ground team worked together as a team, analyzing the series of problems and working together to arrive at a assuredness of purpose and plan.The switching between the scenes in space and those on the ground were fast, sporadic and at times overlapping, especially during the climax of the disaster. This exemplified the coinciding responsibilities and symbiotic relationship of both teams. As well, a major difficulty with the entire Apollo 13 disaster was that at that time nobodyflight or ground crewk new exactly what happened and how to fix it. This is illustrated by the disjointing of each team through separation of the scenes (and scenery). The flight team was shown in outer space, floating in air (due to the absence of gravity), clad in full-fledged space suits.While the ground team was on earth working in a mission control room, and clothed in typical work-attire. The flight crew, being at the event, could not see the results of the initial explosion while in Houston the ground crew was not in a much better position, however having some vital information from instruments in the spacecraft. All the while not understanding of the cause of the problem, as well as how dire the situation was, and only knowing it was deteriorating quickly. These binaries construct an understanding that one could not survive without the other working together, teamwork, was their only option.Human will, and the spirit to overcome such adversity can be seen in the hard-work, dedication, sacrifice an d trust demonstrated by the astronauts and the members of the ground team alike, especially with so much at stakehuman life. In the end, what broke on the Apollo 13 service module was never fixed. Instead, the ground crew came together and developed a plan of action with only one purpose To safely return Apollo 13 to earth, and the flight crew only considered one ultimate outcome returning to earth safely.Furthermore while focused on one united cause there was only one outcome, and it proved to be a miracle. As well, the true leadership and true vision of those involved in Apollo 13 serves as a reminder anything is possible. Gene Krantz, Apollo 13s flight director exhibited true leadership. Gene is known for two quotes, both of which can be seen in the trailer Failure is not an option. and Weve never lost an American in space we sure as hell arent going to lose one on my watch. His refusal to even consider failure as a possibility was a significant factor resulting in the return of Apollo 13 to earth.Although addressing the multitude of complex, compounding issues and problems facing the safe rescue of the flight crew, his perfect visionseeing things not as they were, but as they will bewas important because it refused members of the team to engage in negative thinking. As well Lovells wife when asked by news reported about the events voiced her positive thinking and determined attitude, Take it up with my husband, he will be here on Friday. The background music of the trailer crescendos along with the heightened intensity of the events.The statement by Lovell at the beginning of the trailer, There is nothing routing about flying to the moon, through irony foreshadows such an epic, out-of-the ordinary event. Ultimately, the Apollo 13 crew under these facts and circumstances and knowing that these astronauts barely survived the closest encounter with death in space was nothing short of a real, true life miracle. The story is nonetheless true, and incredibly i nspiring. The final scene of the trailer is a picture of earth in space with Apollo 13 across the screen.The simplicity of this final scene in contrast to the epic and immense event is somewhat overpowering and truly exemplifies Apollo 13 as one of the greatest success stories. The world stood still, watched and prayed for the safe return of the astronauts, and by overcoming all odds, they did return and in the most remarkable fashion. The success story of Apollo 13 should serve as a reminder that anything is possible. One thing that is stressed in the trailer is the greatness and epic circumstances that encompass the Apollo 13 mission.There is significant focus on intensity and disaster showcased in the trailer, including climatic and expressive music, musical crescendos, extreme emotion, intense explosions, and fire blazed action. The content producers, however, chose to stress the scene in which the shuttle takes-off and when the tank of the command module explodes in space. The viewer can then relate and infer the relationship between the two events, and assume that the unthinkable happens, disasters strikes thus leaving the astronauts paramount missionsurvival.

Side Kicks

The verse, Side Kicks has many another(prenominal) different importees. when you read the metrical composition the surface meaning gives an explanation ot what a berth iron boot is and does. It goes over the basics of a slope kick. If you were to tint at the deeper at the meaning of the poem, you would find something more. The poem talks near how a fount kick isnt given the gift of good looks It also talks round stancekicks pipe organism brave and couchting others before themselves. At certain times the arraykicks put themselves in front of bullets for others. They remind us ofa part of ourselves that depend on others (our herffs).The theme for this poem Is loyalty and being humble. In the poem, It talks well-nigh the lieu kick being loyal to the hero, not ever abstracted a hero to die, and being humble around everyone. I was more or less is tears when I came to the realization of the deeper meaning of the poem. The tone for this poem is sort of sad and yet touching at the same time, The poem mentions many names further doesnt give or mention the name of the primary(prenominal) character. Through the characterization that the author gives us, we can find out a lot about the character.For example, the character seems to have a lot of noesis so I slang me will be someone older. would assume sme was or Is a side kick because of their knowledge ot sidekicks and their feelings. It breaks like the primary(prenominal) character relates well with sadness of death or a gigantic loss because, s/he explains it well in the poem. I take that Ronald has maybe put this part about death In the poem because some hero of his might of died at the time. Or maybe he noticed one of his students hero was befogged and decided to write about it. The characters tone in the poem seems to be sad and depressed.An example would be in the fifth paragraph f the poem which says (Website 3) Who could sit In a darkened theatre, listen to the organ music (Ilke a funeral) and sojourn the best of ourselves move into the ground (like a casket being lowered) piece the rest stood up there, tears displace off that enormous nose. (sad for the lost of their hero) In the first 2 lines when it refers to a darkened theatre with organ music, I picture it as a funeral hall. In the next article of faith as he talks about the best of ourselves being lowered Into tne ground. I see tnls as our neros casket Delng lava to rest. nen tne ero is being buried, Ronald Koerge paints us a picture of a side kicks emotion when one is caught crying for their hero. In the last 2 sentences while hes talking about tears pouring off that enormous nose, I see it as a side kick being sad for the loss of their hero. The mood is set up so well that it makes you want to cry. The author uses a simile and a metaphor to tell a story in the poem. Ronald wrote this metaphor a yodel of a voice or ears big as kidneys to liken side kicks to heros. He describes side kicks voices as usuall y weak or unsure, as opposed toa eros voice which is usually strong, powerful and leading.Also apply this simile ears as big as kidneys to describe how a heros scene or looks appear perfect or flawless, unlike a side kick with all its imperfections. There are two main symbolisms in the poem. The first symbol being the side kick, which symbolizes a child. The second is a hero, which symbolizes a parent. At the end of the poem it talks about how side kicks remind us of a part of ourselves that is like a child, never wanting to grow up and everlastingly wanting to look up to our heros parents) for help and guidance.The poem also talks about how a side kicks outward appearance is not perfect like a heros, but they dont care or get Jealous of a hero because they look up to them for support or guidance. It talks about a side kick being sad because the best of ourselves (herds) lowered into the ground (funeral), tears pouring off that enormous nose (sad for the loss). This poem was writ ten as a free verse. By not adding all the other sound effects, it do the poem more relatable. The free verse style made the poems meaning deeper and more personal.To add any sound effects would laying waste the poems impact it would have to its readers. Ronald Koertge has done a lot in school, twain teaching and learning. He has also written books about teens and young adults (Website 1, 2). He noticed that everyone has a need for a hero and that there is a side kick in all of us. He talks about sidekicks and what they are. But even deeper, he tells how hard it is to be a side kick and what a side kick goes thru. The author also tells us how sidekicks remind us of our selves, the part that never wants to grow up and always has to depend on others.

Psychology Content Analysis

Violent Language and Phrases Used in the Media A heart Analysis of a Newspaper oblige Zowie George 08351856 Abstract basis Previous query suggests that in that location is a potential twine of fiery media on y push throughh abandon. jibe to Lever more & Salisbury, (2009) their modern study found that at that place was a relationship surrounded by virtual trespass and actual aggression in cal starting timeness exposed to various forms of scarlet media. There atomic number 18 a miscellany of ways to analyse schoolbooks or documents, from grounded theory to talk over summary.Wilkinson (2008) suggests that nub psycho analytic thinking is a commonly employ approach to analysing soft selective information. Content analysis involves physically organising and subdividing the selective information into categories, whilst the interpretive component involves determine what categories atomic number 18 meaningful in terms of the questions universe asked (Breakwell et al. , 2006). The theory of neighborly mental representations offers a model of cordial knowledge, its hearty construction, transformation and distribution, and follows the function of look and knowledge in hearty practises (Flick, 1995) and was introduced by Moscovici (1976).Social representations refer to shared beliefs and understandings between broad congregations of mess ( flake & Turner 2010). The theory of companionable representations was adopted from Durkheim (1951), as he was the first to focus on the grandeur of collective representations enter in our language, institutions and our customs (Flick, 1995). Moscovici (1973) has defined social representations as system of values, ideas and practises with a twofold function first to establish an order which provide modify individuals to orientate themselves in their material and social population and to master it and endorsement to enable communication to take place among the members of a community by providing them with a code for social ex sort and a code for appointment and classifying unambiguously the various aspects of their world and their individual and pigeonholing history (1973 xvii in Flick, 1995) Two concepts are seen as central in the operate of social representation anchoring and objectification.According to Flick (1995) anchoring is to integrate pertly phenomena objects, experiences into existing worldviews and categories. Moscovici (1984, in Flick, 1995) draw objectification as an imprecise idea or object being discovered, a concept converted into an image, which then be hails integrated in spite of appearance a pattern of figurative nucleus a complex of images symbolizing a complex of ideas. Re anticipate of social representations has not only been most social knowledge but also, cultural objects like health and illness (Herzlich, 1973 in Flick, 1995) and politics.These issues are usually formed from theories and then transformed into popular unremarkable knowle dge, as Crisp & Turner (2010) suggests, through discussions between individuals, or the news, media or literature. According to Flick (1995) social representations are generated, changed and exchanged, and spread through social groupings. Social limit should also be considered within the social representation theory, as large number may alter their beliefs or attitudes about trusted issues, beca intake of the matter another individual or group has on these beliefs.According to Crisp & Turner (2010) social influence is all about how our thoughts, feelings and conducts change when in the mien of others. A classic example is from Asch (1951) where participants were asked which comparison line matched the schoolmaster standard line, however when majority of slew gave the incorrect answer, others would still assure the same answer if correct they thought it was the wrong answer and so they would conform to the majoritys viewpoint.Social representations are often utilise by th e media to persuade, encourage and evoke certain beliefs within a group, community and society, and influence everyday practises (Jodelet, 1991, in Flick, 1995). Social representations utilize in the media allow muckle to understand and wear information about important issues in society, including military force. Devereux (2007) suggests every day we are presented with a plethora of images and messages about the social world living as we do in a media-saturated society. From these media messages, state rat decisions, establish and encourage beliefs about their ocial world. According to Devereux (2007) it is within media content that the regu youthful and framing of our understanding and perceptions of the social world takes place. Most people gain information through the media and so their perception of certain issues are moulded by the way the information is communicated (Furedi, 2002). Media does have the ability to influence peoples attitudes about dotty representations a s Trend (2007) suggests that media effect convinces people that they go away in a slam-bang world and hysteria is required to ease up the world feel safer.From the content analysis of my newspaper word, I naturalized two categories group behaviour and craze, from my research question whether there is a strong presence of prohibit oral communication and phrases, used by the writer, to describe force out in the article? subsequently analysing my article and establishing my categories, I valued to establish the social representations of violence used by the media in our society. After studying previous research about gang violence in the UK, I found that the media helps to influence violence through films, telly, internet and television set secret plans.As Gunter (et al. , 2003) suggests, a casual link exists between violence on television and viewer reaction, where governments worry about the role such(prenominal) a portion medium plays in promoting antisocial conduc t. There are concerns that the media has the power to influence the public and in turn peoples behaviour as Trend (2007) suggests unpeaceful representations are so deeply ingrained in our horticulture and part of hu public nature so deeply that we rumpt root it out.The ultimate concern about television violence is founded on the view that it contributes toward social violence (Gunter et al. , 2003). However Trend (2007) argues that media violence simply reflects todays society, as Furedi (2002) suggests, we live in a rough society. Method Holsti (196914, in Bryman, 2008) describes content analysis as, any proficiency for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages. Content analysis is used to determine the presence of certain quarrel or phrases within a text or set of texts.Bryman (2008) suggests how research has also been conducted on visual images, radio and television news and song lyrics. As the analysis technique is done systematically, the approach is done in a unchanging manner in order to avoid personal bias from the researcher. This give result in anyone being able to repeat the analysis and come up with the same results. (See Fig. 1. 7 for advantages and disadvantages). For my own research analysis, I used content analysis to analyse a chosen newspaper article about gang violence in Britain.The research question for my analysis was Whether there is a strong presence of negative delivery and phrases, used by the writer, to describe violence in the article? I fixed to use an article from The Independent as I wanted to use an article that had a variety of information and a strong content, as that would make headway it easier to analyse and would give a good amount of data to interpret. The research question is vital when using content analysis, as this will guide the selection of media content to be analysed and the code schedule.According to Bryman (2008) if the research questions ar e not clearly articulated, there is a try that inappropriate media will be analysed or the coding schedule will miss out key dimensions. During the content analysis of my article, I itemizeed the number of words that colligate to to my research question, afterwards I was able to code the data into categories for me to analyse. Content analysis offers the prospect of diametrical kinds of units of analysis being considered (Bryman, 2008). Certain coding units that could be used to analyse a piece of text entangle words, phrases, themes and characters.The two categories I established to be analysed are group behaviour and violence. I came to these particular categories because of the use of certain words in the article that related to violence including murder, bloody and shooting and for group behaviour gangs, ferocious and tribal loyalty. Once I had my two categories I was able to count the number of words that fall into individually category and present my results in a table . During the process of content analysis, I worked within a group in order to validate the content analysis of my chosen article.Each group member analysed each others article to ensure the coding units related to the research question, so hopefully each group member would come up with the same results. Findings After completing the content analysis of my chosen article, the results deem and answer my research question whether there is a strong presence of negative words and phrases used by the writer, to describe violence in the article? The results of the analysis (See Fig. 1. 1) show that for the violence category there were 63 words, 3 phrases and 9 sentences which related to cherry-red language.In total 75 words and phrases were used in the article to describe violence. For the second category in my content analysis, group behaviour, there were 51 words, 10 phrases and 7 sentences that had a reference to a violent nature in the article, equalling to 68 words and phrases altog ether. In total 143 words out of 975 words, for the whole article, related to and described violence, with the use of negative words (See Fig. 1. 2). Some of the negative words used in the article to describe violence include criminal, virus, fatality and risk being victimised. See Fig. 1. 3, 1. 4 & 1. 5). Following the group analysis, in which we each analysed the other members newspaper article, I found there were several similarities a majority of words and phrases that both I and my group member had found in the article and chosen categories, with several new words that I had not used in the first content analysis that I conducted. And close to differences in which more words I had used, my group member had not highlighted, which I later used in the my final content analysis. (See Fig. 1. 6).For the first page of the article, the writer is describing the events of the riots, a recent set of disturbances committed by youths and gang members all over the UK and some of the viol ence that had taken place. Violent language is used frequently end-to-end the first page of the article such as attacks on guard, tornado and burning. In addition, several other violent words and phrases were used in relation to group behaviour, for the first page of the article in which the writer describes how gangs were acting violently and some of the group dynamics in gangs.These include words such as form alliances, declare allegiance and competes for territory. The second page of the newspaper article is describing some of the first accounts of gangs and gang related behaviour in Britain. In addition recent reports about blast and knife horror is mentioned as well as some of the characteristics of gangs, with words including feral groups of very angry young people and mask gangster-style. reciprocation From the results of my content analysis into a newspaper article, the research question has been vertebral column up and there is links to support the theory that media has an influence on violent youth behaviour.Escobar-Chaves & Anderson (2008) suggest researchers have found strong evidence that media contributes towards violence. In addition, Trend (2007) states that the consumption of violent media locoweed be liked to offense and violence. Individuals learn competitive responses in much the same manner as they learn other social behaviours, either by observation or through direct experience (Anderson & Bushman, 2002 Bandura, 1978, in Levermore & Salisbury, 2009).If violent behaviour is something people learn, media might have a huge influence (Trend, 2007). According to Escobar-Chaves & Anderson (2008) youths are spending increasing amounts of time using electronic media, with an average small fry now spending one third of each day with some form of electronic media. This suggests adolescents may be influenced by the media, into learning aggressive behaviour, pick up any newspaper or turn on the TV and you will find either violent imagery o r a story about violent media (Trend, 2007).According to the US Senate Committee (1999, in Trend, 2007) a young person will witness 200,000 simulated violent acts and 16,000 dramatized murders by the age of 18. In addition, children are exposed to ever-increasing amounts of actual violence in their communities as well as virtual violence in the media (Hill, Levermore, Twaite, & Jones, 1996, in Levermore & Salisbury, 2009). This could have a negative effect on children as Gunter (et al. , 2003) suggests children may learn aggressive behaviour patterns from honoring television.This assertion of social learning theorists was demonstrated in Bandura, Ross, and Rosss (1961 1963) famous Bobo doll experiments where children imitated aggression toward dolls skilful after they had witnessed an adult being aggressive toward the dolls, either in person or on film (Hayes, Rincover, Volosin, 1980, in Levermore Salisbury, 2009). Children are constantly limited to watching television than doi ng any other form of social interaction, lead the mass media to dominate their socialization (Gunter et al. 2003). This may have a negative effect on children if they are frequently viewing violent scenes in their social surroundings an increased likelihood of aggression being triggered by screen violence (Berkowitz, 1984, 1994 Berkowitz Rogers, 1986 in Gunter et al. , 2003). Gender is a component of importance in violent representations showed in the media, as the biggest audience of media violence is adolescent boys, as young men are socialized to view violent media as an important part of gender identification (Trend, 2007).The ability to digest violent imagery within the media can be regarded as a measure of a young mans masculinity and metier between peers. The media image of men these days also tells them that they have to be tough in certain ways (Trend, 2007) which is where violent behaviour comes in, as the media violence shapes peoples telephoneing to behave a certain way and make them feel as if they should use force. However there have been studies attempt to establish why there is so much youth violence in society, with some evidence to suggest that the media is not the only factor as to why youths act violently.A study by Hood (2001) showed how violence in the media was found to have an impact on aggression learnt in the home, in which violence in the family exerted profound impact on children, lede to indirect and direct aggression. Most psychologists will say that it is what is learned or acquired through experiences that cause people to become violent (Trend, 2007). Violent social representations can be found in all unalike forms of the media from the internet, scene games and television programmes television is the source of most broadly shared images and messages in history (Gerbner et al. 1980) and violence on television can take many different forms (Gunter et al. , 2003). Even programmes such as the News can shine violent imager y to its audience, as according to Trend (2007) the news media lot up accounts of murder, gang warfare, workplace violence and killer moms, and is far more likely to broadcast stories about negative activities such as crime and conflict, than a positive story. A common accusation is that television contains besides much violence (Gunter et al. , 2003).Other forms of media representing violence in society include estimator games as Trend (2007) suggests they are fast advancing to become the tether source of violent delight. Anderson (et al. , 2007) suggests that students spend inordinate amounts of time playing word picture games with violent themes and seems more interested in the violent images than in the game itself. The results of a recent survey by Gentile, Lynch, Linder Walsh (2004) show how boys played tv games 13 hours per week and 5 hours a week for girls (Anderson et al. 2007). After watching violent social representations people will become accustomed to such imag es in the media, with some individuals wanting to see more violence in various media formations. Trend (2007) suggests the desire for violent representations is not a difference from a social norm, it is the norm. Guttmann (1998, in Gunter et al. , 2003) suggests an attraction to violence in entertainment has a history that predates the modern mass media and can be traced back to the popularity of violent sporting spectacles in Greek and Roman times.With a desire for violent representations, comes aggressive behaviour and violent acts towards society. By the late 1990s a consensus around the notion that violence in the media must produce violence at home and in the streets, was solidified (Trend, 2007). According to Trend (2007) people commit violence simply because theyve become inflamed or excited, and violent scenes in TV or film combine the viewers emotions and could relive tension or built up hostility. One explanation for the enjoyment of screen violence is that it is exci ting and whence arousing (Zillmann, 1978 in Gunter et al. 2003). Therefore representations of violence have remained popular (Trend, 2007). Conclusion To conclude, people can be influenced into having certain beliefs or attitudes about a variety of issues including youth violence, by other individuals and the mass media in society. Both can have an effect and cause peoples behaviour to change more violently. As violent representations are ingrained in our media environment, they motive to be unders alsod in order to protect our communities and so that youth violence in society can be controlled.Otherwise, there may be people growing up with the belief that the world is a violent place, that violence is a good way to solve problems and that violent characters are people to be admired and emulated (Trend, 2007). My analysis has shown that perhaps too many violent representations are in our society and throughout the media, with people growing up wanting to act violently towards thei r community. If people are going to be fed violent imagery through different forms of media, then there will be a profound effect on their attitudes and therefore their behaviour will change towards a violent nature.Media and the society have to accept some responsibility for a spring in violent behaviour in youths and adolescents, and will need to think of changing how the media represents violence in society and whether there should be violent images broadcasted to individuals at all. References Anderson, C. A. , Gentile, D. A. and Buckley, K. E. (eds. ) (2007) Violent video game effects on children and adolescents theory, research and public policy. NY Oxford University Press Inc. Barry, M. (2006) Youth offending in transition the search for social recognition. NY Routledge. Berryman, J. Ockleford, E, Howells, K, Hargreaves, D. and Wildbur, D. (2006) Psychology and you an informal introduction. 3rd ed. Oxford BPS, Blackwell Publishing. Breakwell, G. M. , Hammond, S. , Fife-Schaw , C. and Smith, J. A. (eds. ) (2006) Research methods in psychological science. 3rd. ed. capital of the United Kingdom SAGE Publications Ltd. Bryman, A. (2008) Social research methods. 3rd. , ed. NY Oxford University Press Inc. Crisp, R. J. and Turner, R. N. (2010) Essential social psychology. 2nd. ed. capital of the United Kingdom SAGE Publications Ltd. Devereux, E. (2003) Understanding the media. 2nd. ed. capital of the United Kingdom SAGE Publications Ltd. Doyle, A. 2003) Arresting images crime and policing in front of the television camera. Toronto University of Toronto Press Incorporated. Escobar-Chaves, S. L. and Anderson, C. A. (2008) Media and risky behaviours. Journal of the future of children, 18. 1 pp. 147-180. Field, A. and Hole, G. (2003) How to design and report experiments. London SAGE Publications Ltd. Flick, U. (1995) Social Representations in Smith, A. J. , Harre, R. and Langenhove, L. V. (eds. ) Rethinking psychology. London SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 70-96. Fured i, F. (2002) Culture of fear risk taking and the morality of low expectation.NY Continuum. Gerbner, G. , Gross, L. , Morgan, M. , Signorelli, N. and Shanahan, J. (1980) Growing up with Television Cultivation Processes in Bryant, J. and Zillmann, D. (2008) Media effects advances in theory and research. NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Gunter, B. , Harrison, J. and Wykes, M. (eds. ) (2003) Violence on television distribution, form, context and themes. NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Levermore, M. A. and Salisbury, G. L. (2009) The relationship between virtual and actual aggression youth exposure to violent media. The forensic examiner, 18. 2 pp. 2-42. McGhee, P. (2001) Thinking psychologically. NY Palgrave, Macmillan. Trend, D. (2007) The myth of media violence a critical introduction. USA Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Wilkinson, S. (2008) Focus groups in Smith, J. A. (ed. ) Qualitative psychology a practical guide to research methods. 2nd. ed. London SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 197 -201. adjunct Fig. 1. 1 Categories Frequency Violence Words 63 Phrases 3 Sentences 9 Total 75 Group Behaviour Words 51 Phrases 10 Sentences 7 Total 68 Overall Total 143 Fig. 1. 2 cryptanalysis Unit Frequency Words 114 Phrases 13 Sentences 16 Characters 6 Themes 4 Fig. 1. 3 Fig. 1. 4 Fig. 1. 5 Fig. 1. 6 Group Analysis of Article Zowie Zoya Gangs x x Ghettoes x Rioters x Fatality x x Riots x x Dying x x Shot x x Violence at heart of the riots x x possibility x Gang culture x x Anarchy x x Group of friends x Another group x disturbance x Car chase x Shooting x x equalry x x Londons gang culture x x Alliances x Criminal x Groupings x steal x x Hatred of the police x xGangs self-possessed x x Burning x x Attacks on police x Click (clique) x Turned on feds x F**k x Click on click beef x Man got duppied (killed) x x Kill some of the fed man x x Burning shops and buses x x Dashing rocks x x Bloody x x Perverse x Britains gang culture x x Code of the streets x ruthlessly enforced x x Rules x Chaotic x x British street gangs x x Spread x computer virus x Crime x London has 257 street gangs x x Gang members x x Tackling gangs x x Youth violence x x Gangsterism x xMore young people are being drawn into a minor affiliation even those who do not take part in crime x x Allegiance x Risk being victimised x x Youths x Form alliances x x The NPK gang x Competes for territory x x Targets x x Terrified of x Dispute Territorial x x Turf war x x Declare allegiance x Johnson gang x slaying x x Street gang culture x x Need for protection x Stabbed to death x x act gangster-style x Aiming a shotgun x x Gang natural process x x Represent whole neighbourhoods x x antagonist x x Hardened x Gangsters x xDisturbances x Worst rioting x x Highest gang activity x x Rising gang violence x x Rival crews x x Targeted x x Dangers x x uncivilised groups of very angry young people x x tribal loyalty x x Violence and drugs is a way of life x x F ig. 1. 7 Content analysis has several advantages, such as it being a very flexible approach to analysing texts, as the technique can be applied to a variety of different media (Bryman, 2008). Wilkinson (2008) suggests an advantage of content analysis is that, it also allows for the conversion of qualitative data into a quantitative form.Content analysis also allows information to be generated about social groups (Bryman, 2008). Wilkinson (2008) suggests that a main disadvantage of using this technique is that a great deal of detail is lost. Other issues include the analysis is dependent on one researcher, where as it is advisable to involve two or more people in the coding of the texts, so that the reliability of the analysis can be systematically assessed (Breakwell et al. , 2006) and most often the context of the text is ignored. In addition content analysis can be passing time consuming.