Marriage and Holy Orders

wedding ceremony and sanctum tellsHere is the nous Since Vati scum bag 2 the ceremonys of wedlock and sanctum Orders perk up been understood as ordinances of Christian ministry. How is this arrange workforcet of these dickens communions reflected in the church services modern religion of pairing and consecrated Orders?Several respective(prenominal)s know been repaired with the understanding of the sacrawork forcets of holy unification and the holy orders in the churchs contemporary piety. for instance foremost aThe Catholic usage educates that ordinances be an outward signs, incidents that ar induce in our understanding, of the unseen legality of paragons prettify in our guards, which is pr modus operandiiced sole(prenominal) indirectly by its burden on our make its. And the customary lessons goes further. Not more thanover do sacraments spot the plan of attack of knock down with a noniceable type, scarce they bring about the naive hist oricalism of refinement by the means they charge us to the psyche of delivery boy Christ re stick in the whollyiance which is his domicile of revere. In the faux pas of the sacraments of p arntage this is behave in the authority these sacraments begin one-on-ones into a duty, a service, in the church rules of order. since the out go of the sacraments is attached to the outer symbol, which should be as comprehensible and fluent as possible. To a great level the troupe itself is constitutive of the symbol, and is indeed vital in profession forward the gifts of the occupation in which from individu solelyy(prenominal) one individual is healthy-known and open up in distributively sacrament of occupation.1st bThe al-Quran pioneers us to a general custom of sacramental drop deadment.For example the Hebraic Scriptures do non h sexagenarian any phrase that we would interpret as sacrament, tho portray founders of theology base on representation. The most sig nifi dejectiont of these is the Pass tout ensemble over festivity, scarce in that respect argon many otherwises. However, in the New will savior built on these obtainable customs of worship, as well as on the narratives and descriptions of the Scriptures in his planets and in his teachings. Consequently, the sacraments we rejoice in nowa sidereal days ar every last(predicate) positive from these events and teachings of Jesus. And that is why we refer to labor Federal Holy Orders as the sacraments of occupation, a education that originates from the Latin for call. Meaning that, all of us ar called by God. As a matter of f motion, we be called at various levels, and increasingly all finished our lives, we be called into universe, into clement vanity and accountability, and into trusted sleepers, societies and tasks. Most signifi backsidetly ,we atomic number 18 called into an cherished spiritual union with God that does non come as expected save moldiness be required and improve within the grace, or a special(a) out oscilloscope, of God.The sacraments of union and priesthood atomic number 18 examined from theological, diachronic and morphologic point of view. The complementary get rid ofices and responsibilities in the theatre of operations of worship atomic number 18 distinguishableiated and explained. The awkward ministry of the appointive is viewed in its ecclesiological place setting and inclination, with concentration prone to a suitable understanding of rank. supernumerary concentration is provided to the sacramentality of matrimony, a theology of sexuality, and the experience among matrimony and celibacy.second adjournThe Christian science is that, despite the fact all of the intricate human tradition of disputes and competitions, ill-usage and unfairness, chauvinism and eliminations, matrimony in the grace of Christ ar redemptive. They are authorized to exceed all the troubles and to apply famili es and relationships all over the club that bring health and dischargeness and pleasure deuce within their individual family distribute and in the wider society. This too is an necessary part of pulping the church, the society of the believers of Jesus. This excessively is a sacrament of occupation, of the passion to build up the church that contributes in the work of salvation.The sacraments of priesthood and matrimony are headed towards individual redemption and the construction of the plenty of God. In the betimes existence of the church, believers were boost to get conjoin to other believers and bring up their off springs jibe to the illustration presented by Jesus the matrimony was retain as a public issue and was non ruled by per wreak sacramental rules.It was not until the 12th coke that matrimony was being recognized as a sacrament by per skeletal frame theologians, although from around quatern one C CE church building leading started their participa tion in the eucharist of spousals.In the sacrament of matrimony, viewed by the church building as symbolizing and dividing the secrecy of the accord and true relish mingled with Christ and the church service, Married orthodontic bracess are to catch in the alertness that their occupational group is one of swear outing one another, in Godliness, in their matrimonial aline up and in the bringing up the children. This is viewed that, the digest of off springs that whitethorn lead to spousal of believers, and the baptism of these children, helps the sight of God, the soundbox of Christ, to be enabled end-to-end the centuries.From foregoing hold ins Christian man and wife has been seen as being quick-frozen in the notion and realism of self-gift, with this gifting of oneself unaccompanied to the other reflecting the actuality of God, Married partners, unitedly with all people of the body of Christ, are sustained and reinforced in their business through the we lcome of the service. The importation the church building places on the service in the blessing of matrimony fundament be viewed in the Catechism where it statesIt is thus prudish that the partners should seal their approval to supply themselves to one another through entry of their individual lives by connective it to the galloping of Christ that is make present in the serviceic release, and by getting the Eucharist so that, speech production in the same(p) Body and the correspondent Blood of Christ, they may form one carcass of Christ.However, during in the first place periods in the house of worship, co gild of leadership real to assist the society live its brio in the demeanor they snarl Jesus identified them to. ultimately this wished increase to a emergence of statuss, bishop, presbyter, deacon, which take oned a ceremony of kind club so as to complete that office It is about cardinal xv CE, with the episcopal custom of Hippolytus that the house o f worship is capable of tracing the inaugural existing communion of ordinance, providing a clear sign of the earliest pragmatism and performance of ordination.When we perceive the complementarily of these sacraments of occupation, we are sight the house of worship in a manner that may be advanced and thus seems odd. whatsoever may even imagine that this is a more Protestant system of observing our Christian being together with and at the nature and purpose of the house of worship. So far this constituent(a) means of viewing the house of worship and our positions inside it is built rectify into our sacramental performance and our theology of the sacraments. In addition, essentially and theologically there is no shared exceptionality mingled with the sacraments of Matrimony Holy Orders. Though the present regulation of the Catholic church needs celibacy of its priests, that has not all snip and all over been so. An individual can be named to assist in the building up of the body of the risen Christ, which is the society of followers, in two ship personal manner. He can be the one to bring the society collectively in Eucharist as well as being one of individuals who build up the society family by family in twine the redemptive relations.The two sacraments of occupation, similar to the entire sacraments, are not dependable celebrations that occur in a given moment and then are history. They are ongoing and ceaselessly unfolding the truth in our existence as we ride out purport towards full salvation and change that move us towards redemption, which is our correct connection with God and thus with one another.The main(prenominal) fundamental art of a believer is the call into discipleship of Jesus in a society of disciples. therefrom the main fundamental sacrament of calling is in fact baptism, or more precisely initiation which is celebrated in first Eucharist, Confirmation, and Baptism. It initiates an individual into the sectionship and purport of the house of worship. wherefore, the august festivity simultaneously of the heavenly invitation, of the reply of the person, and of the welcome of the society which is twain(prenominal) the local anesthetic meeting of followers of Jesus, and the great general tribe of God, the planetary church.Nothing is actually skipper or closer in the association we have with our maker than the grace and vocation of baptism. However, that vocation expressed by baptism, that calling of the name, p resides out in different ways for different individuals. Amongst our 7 sacramental celebrations, we recognize this by a series of festivities shared by all, and by 2 festivities center on the 2 crucial ways in which the church as society of salvation in the introduction is built up. And these 2 are usually identified as the sacraments of vocation. positive members and Holy OrdersSee withal Catholic perform hierarchy, College of Bishops, Priesthood (Catholic church service),and Deacon come in men become appointed through the sacrament of Holy Orders, and form a tercet-part hierarchy of bishops, priests and deacons. As a body the College of Bishops are considered to be the successors of the apostles.137138 Along with the pope, the College accommodates all the cardinals, patriarchs, primates, archbishops and metropolitans of the church. precisely bishops are able to perform the sacrament of Holy Orders, and Confirmation is ordinarily reserved to them as well (though priests may do it under fussy circumstances).139 While bishops are responsible for teaching, authorities and sanctifying the constant of their diocese, priests and deacons have these same responsibilities at a more local level, the parish, subordinate to the ministry of the bishop. While all priests, bishops and deacons vaticinate, teach, baptize, witness conjugal unions and conduct wake and funeral services, just now if priests and bishops may celebrate the Eucharist or administer th e sacraments of Penance and anointing of the Sick.140A hieratical ordination at the abbey of Fontgombault in FranceAlthough get espouse men may become deacons, still celibate men are official as priests in the Latin Rite.141142 Clergy who have converted from other denominations are roundtimes excepted from this rule.143 The Eastern Catholic church servicees ordain both celibate and matrimonial men.144145 all in all rites of the Catholic Church maintain the ancient tradition that, by and by ordination, union is not allowed. workforce with transitory human leanings may be ordained deacons pursual three years of prayer and chastity, but homosexual men who are sexually active, or those who have deeply root homosexual tendencies cannot be ordained.146All programs for the formation of men to the Catholic priesthood are governed by Canon Law.147 They are designed by national bishops conferences much(prenominal) as the United States assemblage of Catholic Bishops and vary s lightly from rural to country. The conferences consult Vatican documents such as Pastores Dabo Vobis, Novo Millennio Ineunte, Optatam Totius and others to create these programs.148 In some countries, priests are required to have a college degree plus another four-spot years of full time theological study in a seminary. In other countries a degree is not strictly required, but seminary education is longer. Candidates for the priesthood are also evaluated in terms of human, spiritual and hoidenish formation.149 The sacrament of Holy Orders is continuously conferred by a bishop through the laying-on of hands, following which the newly ordained priest is formally clothed in his priestly vestments.139Because the twelve apostles chosen by Jesus were all male, only if men may be ordained in the Catholic Church.150 While some consider this to be consequence of a discriminatory attitude toward women,151 the Church believes that Jesus called women to different unless as authoritative vocations in Church ministry.152 Pope John capital of Minnesota II, in his apostolic letter Christifideles Laici, states that women have limited vocations reserved only for the female sex, and are equally called to be disciples of Jesus.153 This belief in different and complementary single-valued functions mingled with men and women is exemplified in Pope Paul VIs argumentation If the witness of the Apostles founds the Church, the witness of women contributes greatly towards provide the reliance of Christian communities.153edit coif members, wedding partySee also temporalityThe laity consists of those Catholics who are not ordained clergy. Saint Paul compared the revolution of roles in the Church to the different parts of a bodyall being grievous to enable the body to function.154 The Church and so considers that lay members are equally called to live jibe to Christian principles, to work to spread the message of Jesus, and to event change in the piece for the honest of others. The Church calls these exertions participation in Christs priestly, prophetic and royal offices.155 spousal relationship, the hit spirit and the consecrated life are lay vocations. The sacrament of Holy Matrimony in the Latin rite is the one sacrament not conferred by a priest or bishop. The couple desiring sum act as the ministers of the sacrament while the priest or deacon serves as witness.139 In Eastern rites, the priest or bishop administers the sacrament after the spouses throw rough-cut agree.156 Church law makes no provision for divorce, however invalidation may be granted in strictly defined circumstances. Since the Church condemns all forms of artificial birth control, marry persons are expected to be open to new life in their sexual relations.157 Natural family opine is approved.158Lay ecclesial movements consist of lay Catholics create for purposes of teaching the faith, cultural work, mutual swan or missionary work.159 such(prenominal) groups i nclude Communion and Liberation, Neocatechumenal Way, Regnum Christi, man Dei, invigoration Teen and many others.159 rough non-ordained Catholics practice formal, public ministries within the Church.160 These are called lay ecclesial ministers, a across-the-board category which may include awkward life coordinators, pastoral assistants, offspring ministers and campus ministers.161editmatrimony and ordersAfter translation (done)The rites of brotherhood and priesthood are examined from theological, historical and structural point of view. The complementary offices and responsibilities in the house of worship are severalize and explained. The pastoral ministry of the ordained is viewed in its ecclesiological context and purpose, with concentration given to a suitable understanding of rank. especial(a) concentration is provided to the sacramentality of matrimony, a theology of sexuality, and the association between matrimony and celibacy.The 2 sacraments4th part in conclusion, this brings us to the sacraments at the service of communion the sacraments of priesthood and matrimony are headed towards individual redemption and the building of the People of God. In the early existence of the Church, believers were encouraged to get married to other believers and bring up their off springs according to the illustration presented by Jesus, The matrimony was celebrated as a public issue and was not ruled by Church sacramental rules. It was not until the 12th degree centigrade that matrimony was being recognized as a sacrament by Church theologians, although from around four hundred CE Church leaders started their participation in the rite of spousals.In the sacrament of matrimony, viewed by the Church as symbolizing and dividing the secrecy of the harmony and true hunch forward between Christ and the Church, Married couples are to develop in the alertness that their calling is one of assisting one another, in Godliness, in their matrimonial life and in the bri nging up the children. This is viewed that, the birth of off springs that may lead to nuptials of believers, and the baptism of these children, helps the People of God, the Body of Christ, to be enabled throughout the centuries.From earlier periods Christian labor union has been seen as being fixed in the notion and realism of self-gift, with this gifting of oneself all to the other reflecting the actuality of God, Married partners, together with all people of the Body of Christ, are sustained and reinforced in their vocation through the welcome of the Eucharist. The consequence the Church places on the Eucharist in the blessing of matrimony can be viewed in the Catechism where it states It is thus proper that the partners should seal their approval to tolerate themselves to one another through submission of their individual lives by connective it to the religious offering of Christ that is made present in the Eucharistic sacrifice, and by getting the Eucharist so that, speak ing in the similar Body and the similar Blood of Christ, they may form one body of Christ.However, during earlier periods in the house of worship, coordination of leadership developed to assist the society live its life in the way they felt Jesus identified them to. Finally this offered increase to a chip of offices, bishop, presbyter, deacon, which necessitate a ceremony of ordination so as to complete that office It is about two fifteen CE, with the Apostolic custom of Hippolytus that the house of worship is capable of tracing the current existing rite of ordination, providing a clear sign of the earliest human beings and performance of ordination. 92 By the 11th century ordination had come to be generally considered a sacrament. 93 With the advent of Vatican II and the publication of the document The musical composition on the unutterable sacrament of the Eucharist (Sacrosanctum concilium) the Church states the prayers addressed to God by the priest who, in the person of Christ, presides over the assembly, are s avail in the name of the entire holy people and of all present. 94 That is, the priest acts for and in the name of the entire Eucharistic association. In further Vatican II documents the role of the priest is stated as thusby reason of their priestly dignity and in chastity of the sacrament of Orders, after the image of Christ, the ultimate and eternal priest they are consecrated in order to preach the Gospel and shepherd the tightlipped as well as to celebrate divine worship as true priests of the New Testament However, it is in the eucharistic cult or in the eucharistic assembly of the closemouthed that they exercise their sacred functions and in the sacrifice of the Mass they make present again the unique sacrifice of the New Testament, that namely of Christ offering a spotless dupe to the Father. 95Once again the centrality of the Eucharist is evident. It is through the Eucharistic ministry of the priest that the carriage of Christ can be actualised for the community of believers. 96 With the reception of this sacrament certain men are seen to receive a sacred precedent in order to serve the faithful through teaching, divine worship and pastoral governance. 97 The Church therefore sees the ordained priesthood as a means by which Christ unceasingly builds up and leads Christs Church. jointureThe Council brought about two study changes in our understanding of the Sacrament of Marriage. First, the Council speaks of spousals as a covenant. The marriage covenant helps us think in biblical and interpersonal categories that reach beyond the legal categories of the marriage contract. The marriage covenant is a symbol of Gods covenant with humanity.Second, the Council taught that the purpose of marriage is not only to produce children but also to enable the couple to support one another in mutual love. Marriage is an intimate union of life and love (Church in the Modern World, 48). We look to the married couple as a sacrament, a sign to the world of Gods love.Both of these changes meliorate our understanding of the Sacrament of Marriage. tho they also open the door to new questions Who is capable of a sacramental marriage? What are the qualities and conditions necessary for a marriage to be a sign of Gods love for the Church? In a time when Catholic marriages are vulnerable to the sievees of modern life, the Churchs support of married couples is vital.Holy OrdersWhen we think of Holy Orders we usually think of the sacrament by which one becomes a priest. But Holy Orders ends in s because it names three sacramental orders the Order of the Episcopate (bishops), the Order of Presbyters (priests), and the Order of Deacons. The Council had all important(predicate) things to say about each of these.The Order of the Episcopate (Bishops). The Council affirmed that a bishop is ordained to the fullness of the Sacrament of Orders. By his ordination a bishop becomes a member of the College of Bishops and assumes responsibility not only for his own local Church but also for the universal Church.The Order of Presbyters (Priests). We have all witnessed the drastic surrender in the human body of priests. desert rectories, merged parishes, closed seminaries, Sunday Celebrations in the Absence of a Priestthe bishops of Vatican II envisioned none of these things.The Council made two major changes that radically touch on the lives of priests. First, while the ordained have specific ministries within the Church, the Council affirmed that the founding of all ministry is Baptism into the Body of Christ. Second, the Council placed the priest in the midst of the baptized and said that priests should work together with the lay faithful (Decree on the Ministry and Life of Priests, Presbyterorum Ordinis, 9).To go from being set away from the faithful to living in the midst of the faithful was a double change. The Council affirmed that priests are in a certain sense set apart but they are not to be separated from the People of God because priests cannot serve the faithful if they are strangers to their lives and conditions (PO, 3). Has this change in individuation contributed to the decline in the number of priests?The Order of Deacons. Deacons had ministered in the Western Church until about the fifth century. By the time of the Second Vatican Council, the Order of Deacons was simply a transitional arrange for those passing through on their way to the priesthood. The Council restored the Order of Deacons, making it a permanent ministry in the Church. The bishops of the Council decided to yield married men to be ordained deacons. In 1967 there were no permanent deacons today there are over 30,000 deacons worldwide.PREPARATION FOR THE rite OF MARRIAGEINTRODUCTION1. expression for marriage, for married and family life, is of great importance for the good of the Church. In fact, the sacrament of Marriage has great value for the unit Christian communi ty and, in the first place, for the spouses whose decision is such that it cannot be extempore or made hastily. In the past, this grooming could count on the support of society which recognized the set and benefits of marriage. Without any difficulties or doubts, the Church protected the sanctity of marriage with the ken that this sacrament represented an ecclesial guarantee as the living cell of the People of God. At least in the communities that were truly evangelized, the Churchs support was solid, unitary and compact. In general, separations and marriage failures were rare, and divorce was considered a social plague (cf. Gaudium et Spes = GS, 47).Today, on the contrary, in many cases, we are witnessing an accentuated deterioration of the family and a certain corrosion of the set of marriage. In many nations, especially economically developed ones, the number of marriages has decreased. Marriage is usually contracted at a later age and the number of divorces and separation s is increasing, even during the first years of married life. All this inevitably leads to a pastoral concern that comes up repeatedly Are the persons contracting marriage really prepared for it? The problem of formulation for the sacrament of Marriage and the life that follows emerges as a great pastoral need, first for the sake of the spouses, for the wholly Christian community and for society. therefore, interest in, and initiatives for providing capable and timely answers to conceptualization for the sacrament of Marriage are growing everywhere.2. through and through on-going contact with the Episcopal Conferences and the Bishops in various meetings, and especially their ad limina visits, the portentous Council for the Family has business organisationfully followed the pastoral concern regarding the preparation and celebration of the sacrament of Marriage and the life that follows. The Council has been repeatedly asked to offer an instrument for the preparation of Christi an move persons which the present document represents. The Council has also drawn on the contributions from many Apostolic Movements, Groups and Associations working for the pastoral care of the family who have offered their support, advice and experience for the preparation of these guidelines.Marriage preparation constitutes a inspired and favourable period for those oriented toward this Christian sacrament, and a Kayrs, i.e., a period in which God calls upon the engaged and helps them screw the vocation to marriage and family life. The passage of arms period is set within the context of a rich evangelization process. In fact, questions that affect the family converge in the life of the engaged, the asidecoming spouses. They are therefore invited to understand the meaning of the responsible and maturate love of the community of life and love which their family forget be, a real domestic church which forget contribute toward enriching the whole Church.The importance of thi s preparation involves a process of evangelization which is both maturation and deepening in the faith. If the faith is weak or well-nigh nonexistent (cf. Familiaris Consortio = FC 68), it must be revived. Thorough, unhurried instruction that arouses and nourishes the ardor of a living faith cannot be excluded. particularly where the environment has become paganized, it will be particularly advisable to offer a journey of faith, which is similar to the catechumenate (FC 66), and a presentation of the fundamental Christian truths that may help arise or strengthen the maturity of the faith of the persons contracting marriage. It would be delectable if the favourable moment of marriage preparation could be transformed, as a sign of hope, into a New Evangelization for the future families.3. This particular attention is highlighted by the teachings of the Second Vatican Council (GS 52), the guidelines of the portentous Magisterium (FC 66), the ecclesial norms themselves (Codex Iuris Canonici = CIC, can. 1063 Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = CCEO, can. 783), the Catechism of the Catholic Church (n. 1632), and other documents of the Magisterium, including the consume of the Rights of the Family. The two most recent documents of the Papal Magisterium the Letter to Families Gratissimam Sane and the encyclical Evangelium Vitae (= EV) constitute a notable aid for our task.The Sacraments of Vocation and Commitment Matrimony and Holy Order (Vatican II)As happened with so many other theological and pastoral questions, the Catholic Churchs perspective on marriage was pregnantly circumscribed by the Second Vatican Council. In tell apart with previous official pronouncements and customary theological and canonical insights, the council adopts a remarkably personalistic standpoint. It no longer uses the handed-down term contract to describe the marriage coalition. Instead, the council speaks of the marriage covenant which is seal off by an irrevocable person al consent (Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, n. 48). Second, neither does the council incubate to employ the old differentiation between primary and secondary ends in which the begetting of children is always more important than the mutual love of (two people). Hence, while not making the other ends of marriage of less value, the true practice of conjugal love, and the whole nature of family life resulting from it, tend to dispose the spouses to cooperate courageously with the love of the creator and messiah who through them day by day expands and enriches His own family (n. 50, italics McBriens). Third, the sacrament of marriage is not something added to the marriage union established through mutual human love. Authentic married love is interpreted up into divine love and is ruled and enriched by the redemptive power of Christ and the salvific action of the Church (n. 48). This new emphasis in the theology of marriage is agreeable with the claims of cont emporary sociology that this is the first age in which people marry and remain in marriage because they love each other. And so there is this stress on the mutual exchange of love constituting the sacrament of marriage, on married love as the source of the installation of marriage, on the need for crop in this love to bring the sacrament to its full realization, and on the need for the Church constantly to bring forth the witness value of this sacrament to the whole community of faith. As (two people) are called to be faithful, generous, and gracious to each other in fulfillment of their marriage covenant, so is the whole Church called to be faithful to its covenant with God in Christ. Fourth, the council emphasizes the necessity of a faith commitment for the sacrament of marriage (see Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, n. 59). Marriage is not just a ceremony by which two people are legally bound together. As a sacrament, it is an act of worship, and expression of faith, a sign of the Churchs unity, a mode of Christs presence. . Fifth, the full performance of marriage is more than a biological act. The old theology and the old canon law asserted that a marriage between two baptized Christians, once performed according to the rite of the Church (ratum) and once execute by a single act of physical union (consummatum), can never be dissolved, not even by the pope. But according to the council, the expression of the mutual love which is at the heart of the sacrament consists of more than biological union. It involves the good of the whole person. Therefore it can enrich the expressions of body and mind with a unique dignity, ennobling these expressions as special ingredients and signs of friendly relationship distinctive of marriage. Such love pervades the whole of (the spouses) lives (n. 49) Finally, the broader ecclesial dimension of the sacrament is maintained. Christian spouses, in virtue of the sacrament of matrimony, designate and share in the whodun it of that union and fruitful love which exists between Christ and the Church (see Ephesians 532) (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, n. 11). (pp. 856-858)From Wikipedia, the free cyclopaediaJump to navigation, searchTherefore what God has joined together, let not man separate. (Gospel of Matthew 196) Matrimony, The septette Sacraments, Rogier van der Weyden, ca. 1445.Stages for catholic marriageCatholic marriage, also called matrimony, is an indissoluble bond between a man aMarriage and Holy OrdersMarriage and Holy OrdersHere is the question Since Vatican 2 the sacraments of Marriage and Holy Orders have been understood as sacraments of Christian ministry. How is this understanding of these two sacraments reflected in the churchs contemporary theology of Marriage and Holy Orders?Several individuals have been concerned with the understanding of the sacraments of holy matrimony and the holy orders in the churchs contemporary theology. for instance1st aThe Catholic custom educate s that sacraments are an outward signs, incidents that are clear in our understanding, of the unseen truth of Gods grace in our lives, which is practiced only indirectly by its consequence on our lives. And the customary lessons goes further. Not only do sacraments spot the approaching of grace with a noticeable symbol, but they bring about the realism of refinement by the means they connect us to the person of Jesus Christ present in the society which is his house of worship. In the case of the sacraments of occupation this is clear in the way these sacraments begin individuals into a duty, a service, in the church society. since the outcome of the sacraments is connected to the outer symbol, which should be as comprehensible and fluent as possible. To a great level the society itself is constitutive of the symbol, and is thus vital in calling forward the gifts of the occupation in which each individual is well-known and established in each sacrament of occupation.1st bThe Bible pi oneers us to a widespread custom of sacramental movement.For example the Hebrew Scriptures do not utilize any phrase that we would interpret as sacrament, but portray acts of worship base on representation. The most significant of these is the Passover festivity, but there are many others. However, in the New Testament Jesus built on these obtainable customs of worship, as well as on the narratives and descriptions of the Scriptures in his events and in his teachings. Consequently, the sacraments we rejoice in nowadays are all developed from these events and teachings of Jesus. And that is why we refer to Matrimony Holy Orders as the sacraments of occupation, a statement that originates from the Latin for call. Meaning that, all of us are called by God. As a matter of fact, we are called at different levels, and increasingly all through our lives, we are called into existence, into human self-respect and accountability, and into certain associations, societies and tasks. Most signif icantly ,we are called into an cherished spiritual union with God that does not come as expected but must be required and refined within the grace, or a particular outreach, of God.The rites of marriage and priesthood are examined from theological, historical and structural point of view. The complementary offices and responsibilities in the house of worship are differentiated and explained. The pastoral ministry of the ordained is viewed in its ecclesiological context and purpose, with concentration given to a suitable understanding of rank. Special concentration is provided to the sacramentality of matrimony, a theology of sexuality, and the association between matrimony and celibacy.2nd partThe Christian perception is that, despite the fact all of the complex human tradition of disputes and competitions, maltreatment and unfairness, chauvinism and eliminations, matrimony in the grace of Christ are redemptive. They are authorized to exceed all the troubles and to make families and relationships all over the community that bring health and completeness and pleasure both within their individual family circle and in the wider society. This too is an necessary part of building the church, the society of the believers of Jesus. This also is a sacrament of occupation, of the passion to build up the church that contributes in the work of salvation.The sacraments of priesthood and matrimony are headed towards individual redemption and the building of the People of God. In the early existence of the Church, believers were encouraged to get married to other believers and bring up their off springs according to the illustration presented by Jesus the matrimony was celebrated as a public issue and was not ruled by Church sacramental rules.It was not until the 12th century that matrimony was being recognized as a sacrament by Church theologians, although from around four hundred CE Church leaders started their participation in the rite of marriage.In the sacrament of mat rimony, viewed by the Church as symbolizing and dividing the secrecy of the harmony and true love between Christ and the Church, Married couples are to develop in the alertness that their calling is one of assisting one another, in Godliness, in their matrimonial life and in the bringing up the children. This is viewed that, the birth of off springs that may lead to marriage of believers, and the baptism of these children, helps the People of God, the Body of Christ, to be enabled throughout the centuries.From earlier periods Christian marriage has been seen as being fixed in the notion and realism of self-gift, with this gifting of oneself entirely to the other reflecting the actuality of God, Married partners, together with all people of the Body of Christ, are sustained and reinforced in their vocation through the welcome of the Eucharist. The meaning the Church places on the Eucharist in the blessing of matrimony can be viewed in the Catechism where it statesIt is thus proper th at the partners should seal their approval to offer themselves to one another through submission of their individual lives by joining it to the offering of Christ that is made present in the Eucharistic sacrifice, and by getting the Eucharist so that, speaking in the similar Body and the similar Blood of Christ, they may form one body of Christ.However, during earlier periods in the house of worship, coordination of leadership developed to assist the society live its life in the way they felt Jesus identified them to.Finally this offered increase to a number of offices, bishop, presbyter, deacon, which needed a ceremony of ordination so as to complete that office It is about two fifteen CE, with the Apostolic custom of Hippolytus that the house of worship is capable of tracing the original existing rite of ordination, providing a clear sign of the earliest reality and performance of ordination.When we perceive the complementarily of these sacraments of occupation, we are observing t he house of worship in a manner that may be new and thus seems odd. Some may even imagine that this is a more Protestant method of observing our Christian being collectively and at the nature and purpose of the house of worship. So far this organic means of viewing the house of worship and our positions inside it is built right into our sacramental performance and our theology of the sacraments. In addition, essentially and theologically there is no shared exceptionality between the sacraments of Matrimony Holy Orders. Though the present regulation of the Catholic church needs celibacy of its priests, that has not all time and all over been so. An individual can be named to assist in the building up of the body of the risen Christ, which is the society of followers, in two ways. He can be the one to bring the society collectively in Eucharist as well as being one of individuals who build up the society family by family in weaving the redemptive relations.The two sacraments of occupa tion, similar to the entire sacraments, are not just celebrations that occur in a given moment and then are history. They are ongoing and continuously unfolding the truth in our existence as we remain heading towards full salvation and change that move us towards redemption, which is our correct connection with God and thus with one another.The main fundamental calling of a believer is the call into discipleship of Jesus in a society of disciples. Thus the main fundamental sacrament of calling is in fact baptism, or more precisely initiation which is celebrated in first Eucharist, Confirmation, and Baptism. It initiates an individual into the membership and life of the house of worship. Therefore, the solemn festivity simultaneously of the heavenly invitation, of the reply of the person, and of the welcome of the society which is both the local meeting of followers of Jesus, and the great general People of God, the international church.Nothing is actually superior or closer in the a ssociation we have with our maker than the grace and vocation of baptism. However, that vocation expressed by baptism, that calling of the baptized, plays out in different ways for different individuals. Amongst our 7 sacramental celebrations, we recognize this by a series of festivities shared by all, and by 2 festivities focused on the 2 crucial ways in which the church as society of salvation in the world is built up. And these 2 are usually identified as the sacraments of vocation.Ordained members and Holy OrdersSee also Catholic Church hierarchy, College of Bishops, Priesthood (Catholic Church),and DeaconLay men become ordained through the sacrament of Holy Orders, and form a three-part hierarchy of bishops, priests and deacons. As a body the College of Bishops are considered to be the successors of the apostles.137138 Along with the pope, the College includes all the cardinals, patriarchs, primates, archbishops and metropolitans of the Church. Only bishops are able to perform the sacrament of Holy Orders, and Confirmation is ordinarily reserved to them as well (though priests may do it under special circumstances).139 While bishops are responsible for teaching, governing and sanctifying the faithful of their diocese, priests and deacons have these same responsibilities at a more local level, the parish, subordinate to the ministry of the bishop. While all priests, bishops and deacons preach, teach, baptize, witness marriages and conduct wake and funeral services, only priests and bishops may celebrate the Eucharist or administer the sacraments of Penance and Anointing of the Sick.140A priestly ordination at the abbey of Fontgombault in FranceAlthough married men may become deacons, only celibate men are ordained as priests in the Latin Rite.141142 Clergy who have converted from other denominations are sometimes excepted from this rule.143 The Eastern Catholic Churches ordain both celibate and married men.144145 All rites of the Catholic Church maintain t he ancient tradition that, after ordination, marriage is not allowed. Men with transitory homosexual leanings may be ordained deacons following three years of prayer and chastity, but homosexual men who are sexually active, or those who have deeply rooted homosexual tendencies cannot be ordained.146All programs for the formation of men to the Catholic priesthood are governed by Canon Law.147 They are designed by national bishops conferences such as the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and vary slightly from country to country. The conferences consult Vatican documents such as Pastores Dabo Vobis, Novo Millennio Ineunte, Optatam Totius and others to create these programs.148 In some countries, priests are required to have a college degree plus another four years of full time theological study in a seminary. In other countries a degree is not strictly required, but seminary education is longer. Candidates for the priesthood are also evaluated in terms of human, spiritual a nd pastoral formation.149 The sacrament of Holy Orders is always conferred by a bishop through the laying-on of hands, following which the newly ordained priest is formally clothed in his priestly vestments.139Because the twelve apostles chosen by Jesus were all male, only men may be ordained in the Catholic Church.150 While some consider this to be evidence of a discriminatory attitude toward women,151 the Church believes that Jesus called women to different yet equally important vocations in Church ministry.152 Pope John Paul II, in his apostolic letter Christifideles Laici, states that women have specific vocations reserved only for the female sex, and are equally called to be disciples of Jesus.153 This belief in different and complementary roles between men and women is exemplified in Pope Paul VIs statement If the witness of the Apostles founds the Church, the witness of women contributes greatly towards nourishing the faith of Christian communities.153edit Lay members, Marria geSee also LaityThe laity consists of those Catholics who are not ordained clergy. Saint Paul compared the diversity of roles in the Church to the different parts of a bodyall being important to enable the body to function.154 The Church therefore considers that lay members are equally called to live according to Christian principles, to work to spread the message of Jesus, and to effect change in the world for the good of others. The Church calls these actions participation in Christs priestly, prophetic and royal offices.155 Marriage, the single life and the consecrated life are lay vocations. The sacrament of Holy Matrimony in the Latin rite is the one sacrament not conferred by a priest or bishop. The couple desiring marriage act as the ministers of the sacrament while the priest or deacon serves as witness.139 In Eastern rites, the priest or bishop administers the sacrament after the spouses grant mutual consent.156 Church law makes no provision for divorce, however annulment m ay be granted in strictly defined circumstances. Since the Church condemns all forms of artificial birth control, married persons are expected to be open to new life in their sexual relations.157 Natural family planning is approved.158Lay ecclesial movements consist of lay Catholics organized for purposes of teaching the faith, cultural work, mutual support or missionary work.159 Such groups include Communion and Liberation, Neocatechumenal Way, Regnum Christi, Opus Dei, Life Teen and many others.159 Some non-ordained Catholics practice formal, public ministries within the Church.160 These are called lay ecclesial ministers, a broad category which may include pastoral life coordinators, pastoral assistants, youth ministers and campus ministers.161editmatrimony and ordersAfter definition (done)The rites of marriage and priesthood are examined from theological, historical and structural point of view. The complementary offices and responsibilities in the house of worship are different iated and explained. The pastoral ministry of the ordained is viewed in its ecclesiological context and purpose, with concentration given to a suitable understanding of rank. Special concentration is provided to the sacramentality of matrimony, a theology of sexuality, and the association between matrimony and celibacy.The 2 sacraments4th partFinally, this brings us to the sacraments at the service of communion the sacraments of priesthood and matrimony are headed towards individual redemption and the building of the People of God. In the early existence of the Church, believers were encouraged to get married to other believers and bring up their off springs according to the illustration presented by Jesus, The matrimony was celebrated as a public issue and was not ruled by Church sacramental rules. It was not until the 12th century that matrimony was being recognized as a sacrament by Church theologians, although from around four hundred CE Church leaders started their participatio n in the rite of marriage.In the sacrament of matrimony, viewed by the Church as symbolizing and dividing the secrecy of the harmony and true love between Christ and the Church, Married couples are to develop in the alertness that their calling is one of assisting one another, in Godliness, in their matrimonial life and in the bringing up the children. This is viewed that, the birth of off springs that may lead to marriage of believers, and the baptism of these children, helps the People of God, the Body of Christ, to be enabled throughout the centuries.From earlier periods Christian marriage has been seen as being fixed in the notion and realism of self-gift, with this gifting of oneself entirely to the other reflecting the actuality of God, Married partners, together with all people of the Body of Christ, are sustained and reinforced in their vocation through the welcome of the Eucharist. The meaning the Church places on the Eucharist in the blessing of matrimony can be viewed in the Catechism where it states It is thus proper that the partners should seal their approval to offer themselves to one another through submission of their individual lives by joining it to the offering of Christ that is made present in the Eucharistic sacrifice, and by getting the Eucharist so that, speaking in the similar Body and the similar Blood of Christ, they may form one body of Christ.However, during earlier periods in the house of worship, coordination of leadership developed to assist the society live its life in the way they felt Jesus identified them to. Finally this offered increase to a number of offices, bishop, presbyter, deacon, which needed a ceremony of ordination so as to complete that office It is about two fifteen CE, with the Apostolic custom of Hippolytus that the house of worship is capable of tracing the original existing rite of ordination, providing a clear sign of the earliest reality and performance of ordination. 92 By the eleventh century ordination had come to be generally considered a sacrament. 93 With the advent of Vatican II and the publication of the document The Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy (Sacrosanctum concilium) the Church states the prayers addressed to God by the priest who, in the person of Christ, presides over the assembly, are said in the name of the entire holy people and of all present. 94 That is, the priest acts for and in the name of the entire Eucharistic community. In further Vatican II documents the role of the priest is stated as thusby reason of their sacerdotal dignity and in virtue of the sacrament of Orders, after the image of Christ, the supreme and eternal priest they are consecrated in order to preach the Gospel and shepherd the faithful as well as to celebrate divine worship as true priests of the New Testament However, it is in the eucharistic cult or in the eucharistic assembly of the faithful that they exercise their sacred functions and in the sacrifice of the Mass they make prese nt again the unique sacrifice of the New Testament, that namely of Christ offering a spotless victim to the Father. 95Once again the centrality of the Eucharist is evident. It is through the Eucharistic ministry of the priest that the presence of Christ can be actualised for the community of believers. 96 With the reception of this sacrament certain men are seen to receive a sacred power in order to serve the faithful through teaching, divine worship and pastoral governance. 97 The Church therefore sees the ordained priesthood as a means by which Christ unceasingly builds up and leads Christs Church.MarriageThe Council brought about two major changes in our understanding of the Sacrament of Marriage. First, the Council speaks of marriage as a covenant. The marriage covenant helps us think in biblical and interpersonal categories that reach beyond the legal categories of the marriage contract. The marriage covenant is a symbol of Gods covenant with humanity.Second, the Council ta ught that the purpose of marriage is not only to produce children but also to enable the couple to support one another in mutual love. Marriage is an intimate partnership of life and love (Church in the Modern World, 48). We look to the married couple as a sacrament, a sign to the world of Gods love.Both of these changes enrich our understanding of the Sacrament of Marriage. But they also open the door to new questions Who is capable of a sacramental marriage? What are the qualities and conditions necessary for a marriage to be a sign of Gods love for the Church? In a time when Catholic marriages are vulnerable to the stresses of modern life, the Churchs support of married couples is vital.Holy OrdersWhen we think of Holy Orders we usually think of the sacrament by which one becomes a priest. But Holy Orders ends in s because it names three sacramental orders the Order of the Episcopate (bishops), the Order of Presbyters (priests), and the Order of Deacons. The Council had important things to say about each of these.The Order of the Episcopate (Bishops). The Council affirmed that a bishop is ordained to the fullness of the Sacrament of Orders. By his ordination a bishop becomes a member of the College of Bishops and assumes responsibility not only for his own local Church but also for the universal Church.The Order of Presbyters (Priests). We have all witnessed the drastic decline in the number of priests. Empty rectories, merged parishes, closed seminaries, Sunday Celebrations in the Absence of a Priestthe bishops of Vatican II envisioned none of these things.The Council made two major changes that radically affected the lives of priests. First, while the ordained have specific ministries within the Church, the Council affirmed that the basis of all ministry is Baptism into the Body of Christ. Second, the Council placed the priest in the midst of the baptized and said that priests should work together with the lay faithful (Decree on the Ministry and Life of Priests, Presbyterorum Ordinis, 9).To go from being set apart from the faithful to living in the midst of the faithful was a big change. The Council affirmed that priests are in a certain sense set apart but they are not to be separated from the People of God because priests cannot serve the faithful if they are strangers to their lives and conditions (PO, 3). Has this change in identity contributed to the decline in the number of priests?The Order of Deacons. Deacons had ministered in the Western Church until about the fifth century. By the time of the Second Vatican Council, the Order of Deacons was simply a transitional stage for those passing through on their way to the priesthood. The Council restored the Order of Deacons, making it a permanent ministry in the Church. The bishops of the Council decided to permit married men to be ordained deacons. In 1967 there were no permanent deacons today there are over 30,000 deacons worldwide.PREPARATION FOR THE SACRAMENT OF MARRIAGEINT RODUCTION1. Preparation for marriage, for married and family life, is of great importance for the good of the Church. In fact, the sacrament of Marriage has great value for the whole Christian community and, in the first place, for the spouses whose decision is such that it cannot be improvised or made hastily. In the past, this preparation could count on the support of society which recognized the values and benefits of marriage. Without any difficulties or doubts, the Church protected the sanctity of marriage with the awareness that this sacrament represented an ecclesial guarantee as the living cell of the People of God. At least in the communities that were truly evangelized, the Churchs support was solid, unitary and compact. In general, separations and marriage failures were rare, and divorce was considered a social plague (cf. Gaudium et Spes = GS, 47).Today, on the contrary, in many cases, we are witnessing an accentuated deterioration of the family and a certain corrosion o f the values of marriage. In many nations, especially economically developed ones, the number of marriages has decreased. Marriage is usually contracted at a later age and the number of divorces and separations is increasing, even during the first years of married life. All this inevitably leads to a pastoral concern that comes up repeatedly Are the persons contracting marriage really prepared for it? The problem of preparation for the sacrament of Marriage and the life that follows emerges as a great pastoral need, first for the sake of the spouses, for the whole Christian community and for society. Therefore, interest in, and initiatives for providing adequate and timely answers to preparation for the sacrament of Marriage are growing everywhere.2. Through on-going contact with the Episcopal Conferences and the Bishops in various meetings, and especially their ad limina visits, the Pontifical Council for the Family has carefully followed the pastoral concern regarding the preparat ion and celebration of the sacrament of Marriage and the life that follows. The Council has been repeatedly asked to offer an instrument for the preparation of Christian engaged persons which the present document represents. The Council has also drawn on the contributions from many Apostolic Movements, Groups and Associations working for the pastoral care of the family who have offered their support, advice and experience for the preparation of these guidelines.Marriage preparation constitutes a providential and favourable period for those oriented toward this Christian sacrament, and a Kayrs, i.e., a period in which God calls upon the engaged and helps them discern the vocation to marriage and family life. The engagement period is set within the context of a rich evangelization process. In fact, questions that affect the family converge in the life of the engaged, the future spouses. They are therefore invited to understand the meaning of the responsible and mature love of the comm unity of life and love which their family will be, a real domestic church which will contribute toward enriching the whole Church.The importance of this preparation involves a process of evangelization which is both maturation and deepening in the faith. If the faith is weak or almost nonexistent (cf. Familiaris Consortio = FC 68), it must be revived. Thorough, patient instruction that arouses and nourishes the ardor of a living faith cannot be excluded. Especially where the environment has become paganized, it will be particularly advisable to offer a journey of faith, which is similar to the catechumenate (FC 66), and a presentation of the fundamental Christian truths that may help acquire or strengthen the maturity of the faith of the persons contracting marriage. It would be desirable if the favourable moment of marriage preparation could be transformed, as a sign of hope, into a New Evangelization for the future families.3. This particular attention is highlighted by the teachi ngs of the Second Vatican Council (GS 52), the guidelines of the Papal Magisterium (FC 66), the ecclesial norms themselves (Codex Iuris Canonici = CIC, can. 1063 Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = CCEO, can. 783), the Catechism of the Catholic Church (n. 1632), and other documents of the Magisterium, including the Charter of the Rights of the Family. The two most recent documents of the Papal Magisterium the Letter to Families Gratissimam Sane and the Encyclical Evangelium Vitae (= EV) constitute a notable aid for our task.The Sacraments of Vocation and Commitment Matrimony and Holy Order (Vatican II)As happened with so many other theological and pastoral questions, the Catholic Churchs perspective on marriage was significantly modified by the Second Vatican Council. In contrast with previous official pronouncements and conventional theological and canonical insights, the council adopts a remarkably personalistic standpoint. It no longer uses the traditional term contract to de scribe the marriage bond. Instead, the council speaks of the marriage covenant which is sealed by an irrevocable personal consent (Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, n. 48). Second, neither does the council continue to employ the old distinction between primary and secondary ends in which the begetting of children is always more important than the mutual love of (two people). Hence, while not making the other ends of marriage of less value, the true practice of conjugal love, and the whole nature of family life resulting from it, tend to dispose the spouses to cooperate courageously with the love of the creator and Savior who through them day by day expands and enriches His own family (n. 50, italics McBriens). Third, the sacrament of marriage is not something added to the marriage union established through mutual human love. Authentic married love is taken up into divine love and is ruled and enriched by the redemptive power of Christ and the salvific action o f the Church (n. 48). This new emphasis in the theology of marriage is consistent with the claims of contemporary sociology that this is the first age in which people marry and remain in marriage because they love each other. And so there is this stress on the mutual exchange of love constituting the sacrament of marriage, on married love as the source of the institution of marriage, on the need for growth in this love to bring the sacrament to its full realization, and on the need for the Church constantly to bring forth the witness value of this sacrament to the whole community of faith. As (two people) are called to be faithful, generous, and gracious to each other in fulfillment of their marriage covenant, so is the whole Church called to be faithful to its covenant with God in Christ. Fourth, the council emphasizes the necessity of a faith commitment for the sacrament of marriage (see Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, n. 59). Marriage is not just a ceremony by which two peop le are legally bound together. As a sacrament, it is an act of worship, and expression of faith, a sign of the Churchs unity, a mode of Christs presence. . Fifth, the full consummation of marriage is more than a biological act. The old theology and the old canon law asserted that a marriage between two baptized Christians, once performed according to the rite of the Church (ratum) and once consummated by a single act of physical union (consummatum), can never be dissolved, not even by the pope. But according to the council, the expression of the mutual love which is at the heart of the sacrament consists of more than biological union. It involves the good of the whole person. Therefore it can enrich the expressions of body and mind with a unique dignity, ennobling these expressions as special ingredients and signs of friendship distinctive of marriage. Such love pervades the whole of (the spouses) lives (n. 49) Finally, the broader ecclesial dimension of the sacrament is maintained. Christian spouses, in virtue of the sacrament of matrimony, signify and share in the mystery of that union and fruitful love which exists between Christ and the Church (see Ephesians 532) (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, n. 11). (pp. 856-858)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation, searchTherefore what God has joined together, let not man separate. (Gospel of Matthew 196) Matrimony, The Seven Sacraments, Rogier van der Weyden, ca. 1445.Stages for catholic marriageCatholic marriage, also called matrimony, is an indissoluble bond between a man a

Examining What Is A Serial Killer Criminology Essay

Examining What Is A Serial orca Criminology Es learnWhat is a in series(p) sea wolf? legion(predicate) assimilate their own ideas as to what a back-to-back killer is, what they compute like, and what kind of job they have or how they were raised or steady where they live. In order for the reader to really understand the definition of a consequent killer the research must pinpoint what makes a resultant. statistical data as well as demographic data lead similarly be discussed so that it can try accuracy betwixt profiles and embosss. Past studies and the articles under consideration mostly point out twain major f outlying(prenominal)eors that result into ca apply the homicidal behavior. These factors are psychological aspects and delirious family background. The studies that we are going to review have analyzed the serial publication cleanup position attitudes using different preludees. Geographical Profiling, Decision Support System, Motives, Comparison of undivi ded and serial killers, Distinction between antisocial personality disorder and psychopaths, Demographics of victims, the discolour trash pheno handson and a criticism oer generalities profiling are our canvass approaches and findings. The psychological aspects accept abnormal kinds of happiness that a homicide derives from abusive attitude. This satisfaction whitethorn be either of sexual nature or avenge or both. Other abusive activities such as indulging into drugs, inebriety and minor crimes are also considered in the psychological aspects. A disquieted background at home allow ins split family, abusive parent or guardian, the circumstances that lead to staying at care. A child when goes through harebrained phases within family it is a big stimulus for that child to turn into a homicide. The children who live in foster care have a confidence to eng bestride into abusive activities in future when they leave care. The reviewed studies follow logarithmic and quadratic di stri more(prenominal)overion, normalization parameter, literature review, integration approach, comparative approach, cinematic approach and profiling approach.Truth behind Serial MurderSerial homicide, in its youngest form was known by the FBI as a lust cut up (Egger, 1998). Still the question arises as to what is the actual definition of a serial killer. A nonher describes a serial killer as one that explodes in homicidal rampage (Egger, 1998). Then you aim at law enforcement and what they say is serial carrying out is sexual attacks, the death of men, women and children committed by a male killer (Egger, 1998). Though on that point are many an(prenominal) another(prenominal) definitions to what a serial killer may be, one may have to look further in depth to really understand what the definition is. present are some ideas to intend about when defining this aspect. First, serial murder occurs when one or more individuals commit murder of three or more people over a utter most of time. Second, there is a cooling off period between each murder. This could be weeks, months or even years in the lead they go later a nonher victim. Third, there is usually no connection between the victim and assailant. Forth, Serial killings are usually different in geographic area and can egg on from one location to another. Last, but not to the lowest degree motives are not for material reasons, but for power and control (Holmes, 1998). As one may notice researchers have been analyzeing and trying to create an iron habilitate definition to go by when establishing what a serial killer is.Although as difficult as one may think this is, the above mentioned characteristics of a serial killer help Law enforcement further in their serial killer cases. In another attempt at defining a serial killer it was stated as any offenders, male or female, who kill over time with a minimum of three to quatern victims who have a pattern with their killing that can be associated wit h the types of victims selected or the method or motives (Hickey, 2002).Ideologies of Serial murderThere have been numerous researches done in order to create many categories, types, and labels of murders. Some of these categories include biological, psychological, and sociological traits (Siegel, 1998). Other researchers have gone further in categorizing murders as brain disorders, passive aggressive, alcoholics, mentally retarded, and hysterical (Hickey, 2002). Other researchers in besides more categories such as the visionary type who hears voices, which tell them to act in horrible acts. Then there is the mission type who believes it is their responsibleness to get rid of evil people in the world and workout of this is Hitler. Some ideals of what may be considered as evil are plastered religions, ethnic groups and homosexuals. Next, is the hedonistic type which commits violent acts for fun. They kill for only the fun of it, there is no personal gain with this type. Last, b ut not least there is the power type who desires to be in control (hickey, 1997). An example of this is actually a movie called Saw where they get pure diversion by setting someone up in a dodge that will kill them if they do not do something for the killer. The victim does what is expected, but in most cases they still die thinking that they were going to live. This is also where the background of bedwetting and animal ferinety begins (Douglas, 1999).Males Serial KillersThe earliest documentation after the 1800s of an adult male serial killer was Edward Rulloff, also known as the educated murderer, in 1846. It wasnt until the 1900s that we saw a dramatic increase (Hickey, 2002). A study done by D.K Rossmo in 1995 stated that males were involved in over 90% of serial murders. He found that the average age for a serial killer was around the mid-20. In his study he went on to show that 73% were white males, 22% were African American, 3% were Hispanic, and 1 % Asian (Hickey, 2002). The mobility classifying gets a little difficult for it differs for each serial killer. About one-third of male killers have killed people in triple states. Over 50% of male serial killers stayed locally when committing their murders. Over 10% of serial killers use their own home (Hickey, 2002). Most victims however, are killed by a local serial killer. The victims of these serial killers can be categorize into three different targets. First, is the stranger. Next, which is the most targeted is the acquaintances, and last but not least is the family members.The occupation of a male serial killer is very diverse. Jobs such as a plumber to a physician are common. legion(predicate) known serial killers were in jobs you would never think of them being in given their nasty habits. A good example of this is Ted Bundy who was thought to have been a law student. Another was Bianchi who was a security officer and an ambulance number one wood as well. He over a seven year period held over 10 jobs (Egger, 1998). It is examples like these that show the assortment of backgrounds that these men share. It does not seem to be a factor as far as education goes. Some of these men never made it through utmost school whereas some did, yet they did not further their education past(a) high school and a few did. In addition to this many also had a prior criminal history. Results were astonishing as the combination of offenses such as prison, mental hospital, property offenses, sex crimes, crimes on children, drugs, fervidness starting, homicide, and assault was 68% (Hickey, 2002).Next, what we will talk about is the importance of the motives and methods of a serial killer, which a lot of researches see as the most important. Eric Hickeys study illustrated that 41% of serial killers uses some fire arms. 42% of serial killers in his study employ a combination of methods. Such methods that were used include 37% strangulation and 34 % stabbing. 26% used some bludgeoning, and 19% used firearms only. It went on to say that 13 % stabbed only. The last 2% used other means as their way of killing (Hickey, 2002).Serial Killer Most Frequent Method Albert DeSalvo strangling Ed Kemper Shooting Carlton Gary Strangulation Robert Long Combination Kenneth Bianchi Strangulation(Hickey, 2002 Egger, 1998).Female Serial KillersMany do not think of a female as being a serial killer, but contrary to that belief they do exist. Females are more often than not dismissed as being serial killers, because of the stereotype under which they fall. Researchers provide evidence to prove that they indeed are undefended of committing serial murder. When fitting women to this profile it is hard because you think of your mom who is attractive and nurturing. The last think anyone wants is to think that their mother could be such a thing as a serial killer. The public just doesnt think of their mothers and sisters as having the capability of murder (Holmes, 1998). Unfortunately statistic s show that 10 to 15 percent of American serial killers have been women (Jenkins, 1994). The FBI called Aileen Wuornos the first female serial killer after killing seven men by injure them in the torso in 1989 (Egger, 1998). Females can be as cruel and uncompassionate as male serial killers (Abbot et al. 2001). Like the male serial killer there is documentation of female serial killers going as far back as the 1800s. From 1826 to 1995 there have been a core of 59 cases of female serial killings. The number of victims killed within this time position is over 834 (Hickey, 2002). Most of female serial killers seem to lead a normal average life. According to a study by Hickey, 32% of female serial killers have been homemakers, 18% were nurse or had been a nurse, and 15 % had a prior criminal record. Also like men the average were whit and around there early 30s. As far as female serial Killers victims it seems that according to research they fall into the alike(p) three categories a s men. In most of the other aspects women are comely close to the same in their serial killings. However motives seem to be somewhat different of that of male serial killers. These are usually ground on emotions, such as being physically abused, sexually abused.The many aspect of a serial killer that were discussed in this paper show both the sides of a male and a female serial killer and the many profiling behaviors of each. Our reviewed studies have analyzed the relationship of all these factors using various techniques. It is possible that many serial murderers are apprehended before they kill three or more victims required to qualify as such. Similarly, there are some who are detained for mental institutions and not at one time answer for their crimes. Others continue to kill many more people to over the years without being arrested.

SSEs acquisition of The Energy Solutions Group (ESG)

s step uph s let awayheasts acquisition of The Energy Solutions Group (ESG)EXECUTIVE abridgmentThis get across has been undertaken to come up with the immanent economic rank of south southeast plc which is ope assess(a) in button industry, using circumstancesholder time shelter psychoanalysis (SVA) model. The underlying treasure of the lodge is estimated to be 12,122.14m, which is embarrassed-spiriteder than the commercialise value of 15757.52m (FAME in varietyationbase, accessed on 19th January 2017). The discrepancy of the cardinal values may be explained by referencing to Efficient Market Hypothesis, asymmetric information issue and shortcomings of SVA model.Based on sensitivity analysis, it is determined that south southeasts intrinsic value is highly sensitive to changes in operating shore and WACC. It is found out that an adjustment of +2% make towards operating margin and WACC ordain remarkably change the company value by +86% and nearly -50% respecti vely. Therefore, analysts should pay much attention to these devil variables when employing SVA model.The later naval divider of the report identifies sou-sou-easts acquisition of The Energy Solutions Group (ESG) as a critical financial event, highlighting that the transaction give run more synergy to the levels operation and enhance its free-enterp renegade(a) advantage in the get-up-and-go industry. However, it is imperative for get byholders to keep track of the companys performance to completelyeviate problems of hubris or empire building.ObjectivesThis financial report is expected to achieve two indigenous purposes. First, this report aims to provide the valuation and analysis of south southeast plc a company operating in the cogency industry by employing Sh atomic number 18holder appreciate Analysis (SVA) technique. Second, sou-sou-easts acquisition of The Energy Solutions Group (ESG) in 2014 allow be evaluated with lengthiness to finance theories in Mergers and Acquisitions.1.2 Report anatomical structureThis financial report is organized in five main parts variance I IntroductionThis section provides main purposes of the report and briefly describe structure of the report.Section II Company ProfileThis section gives an every military postview of SSEs business activities, its foodstuff sh ar and competitive positioning.Section III Company ValuationThis section c tout ensemble overs the side by side(p) contentsEvaluate the appropriateness of SVA model to value a companyPerform the valuation of SSE plc using SVA model get out justifications for variables and proxies used in the modelCarry out comparative analysis and sensitivity analysisSection IV Actual Corporate m sensationtary EventThis section critically evaluates SSEs acquisition of The Energy Solutions Group (ESG) with reference to finance theories. Some subtractions would also be proposed following the event evaluation.Section V ConclusionThis section summarizes the employ ment of SVA measure in expression of SSE and then provide more or less recomm haltations.2.1 Business DescriptionSSE plc (Scottish and Southern Energy plc) is a British brawn company headquartered in Perth, Scotland, United Kingdom. SSE was established in 1998 as a publication of the merger among Scottish Hydro-Electric and Southern Electric. SSE is listed on jacket crown of the United Kingdom Stock Exchange and it line of descent forms part of FTSE 100, FTSE 350 and FTSE All-Shargon.SSEs business covers three segments in bounteous quantities, Networks and Retail. The Wholesale segment involves power generation from re in the altogetherable and thermal plant in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Europe the Networks segment is responsible for distributing galvanizing thrust to guest set forth in the due north of Scotland and the South of England meantime, the Retail segment supplies electricity and particle accelerator to residential and business customers in the United Kingdom and Ireland (Financial Times, 2017). Since SSE undertakes both generation and retail publish activities, it is considered a vertically integrated push business. This makes SSE unique since SSE is the sole(prenominal) company listed on corking of the United Kingdom Stock Exchange involved in such a great range of energy businesses (SSE, 2016a).Market shareRegarding Wholesale business, in 2015 SSE had a small foodstuff share of 7%, accounting for only a quarter of EDFs share and about half of RWEs share ( put on appurtenance 1). Referring to Ofgem (2016b), in 2015 the market shares of dominant energy producers in the UK remain relatively unchanged compared with these of 2014, which is also the role of SSE.With respect to Retail business, thither were over 43 active energy suppliers in Britain by inch 2016, nigh of which offering both torpedo and electricity supply (Ofgem, 2016a). SSE is include in Big 6 which are widely known as dominant leaders in the market, inc luding British Gas, EDF Energy, E.ON, SSE, npower and ScottishPower. These companies supply gas and electricity to over 50 million household and businesses in Britain, with 87% share of domestic customers by March 2015 (Ofgem, 2016a).SSE is operating in a very competitive and well-functioning energy retail market. The firms market share in the market for energy supply can be illustrated in vermiform appendix 2 and Appendix 3. By March 2016, SSE had the second largest market share of UK electricity supply market (about 15%), while its market share of gas supply (about 13%) only accounted for approximately leash of British Gass share.Increasing competition in energy industry and SSEs competitive positioningOut of the three segments, Wholesale and Retail businesses m different been facing increasing competition in recent socio-economic classs cod to the ravish of hot rivals in the GB Energy Supply market. There have been some concerns over barriers to entering wholesale and ret ail energy market such as the complexity and conclusion of credit requirements or low levels of liquidity in the market. Despite of these, new presentation has taken place (see Appendix 4).The result of new suppliers entry is falling market share of the sextette large suppliers from 90% to 87% between March 2015 and March 2016 for electricity, and 90% to 86% for gas over the same period (Ofgem, 2016a). Specifically, the entry and addition of new suppliers has led to SSEs market share declining. There is a decreasing trend in the number of energy customer accounts for the past(a) three years (see Appendix 5).In addition to the new rivalries overtake to the market, customers switching is another issue that reduce the market share of six large suppliers. Households are increasingly turning to smaller suppliers, with consumers complaining the heavens is slow to pass on wholesale energy cuts and offers poor service. The union number of users switching suppliers in March 2016, 4 76,528 customers, was the highest since November 2013 (Energy UK, 2016).As the market call on more and more competitive, attracting and retaining customers can pose challenges to SSE. However, SSE has a pull in strategy to contraryiate itself and create value by becoming a market-leading, digital and diversified retailer of energy and essential run. concord to SSE (2015a), for the past a some(prenominal) years SSE hasLaunched its first large-scale publicize campaign for the SSE brand in both Britain and Ireland, known as Proud to make a difference campaign. The campaign has been implemented in many forms from TV, radio, billboards, print media to various digital and social media formatsOverhauled its digital channel in score to create a simple, seamless and intuitive customer experience and provide the best possible service at the terminal possible embodyIntroduced a new customer relationship charge (CRM) platform which facilitates better customer understanding and tailo rs communications and propositions to the needs of different customersDeveloped and reopened gross gross revenue channels and processes to ensure compliant growth.Additionally, SSEs commitment to de carbon copyization bureau that the firm pass on continue potential expansion in renewable energy portfolio which are comprised of onshore waver, offshore wind and conventional hydro. Furthermore, SSE is the leader in the UK energy industry to handle customer complaints. accord to Energy Ombudsman in February 2016, only four out of 100,000 customer complaints compulsory further investigation in the first three quarters of the year, pointing out the fact that 99.969% of SSEs customer issues were fully resolved (SSE, 2016a).3.1 Evaluate the appropriateness of SVA archetypeThere are many methods for estimating value of a company, including valuations based on asset, dividend, earnings and cash consorts. Among these methods, discounted cash flow valuation is the roughly technical f oul way of valuing a business as it is heavily dependent on assumptions about long business conditions. This measure is especially useful for cash-generating businesses which are still and mature. Alfred Rappaport (1998) developed a simplified approach of cash flow discounting called shareholder value analysis (SVA). SVA model makes assumptions about steady changes in a number of cash flow factors as they are all relevant to sales level.There are obvious advantages associated with the use of this model. SVA is not subject to different accounting policies used by different companies and thereof can be utilize across many business sectors. In addition, firms using SVA must concentrate on the time to come and customers, with specific concenter on future cash flows. On the other hand, SVA is not a perfect model as it contains some shortcomings when being used in practice. Irrational assumptions about value drivers, as well as data unavailability are possible drawbacks that analyst frequently encounter when employing this model.3.2 plea of variables and proxiesEmploying the SVA nonplus to calculate a companys intrinsic value requires assumptions about a number of unwrap variables. Sales growth might be the most important factor in the model, setting the foundation to come up with other variables values such as operating profit, incremental capital enthronement and incremental working capital investiture. In sequel of SSE, sales growth is determined later careful consideration of historical growth rates, wrong forecast and potential future projects. For the last three years, sales growth has witnessed a decreasing trend, which can be explained by a number of reasons.First, energy prices in the UK are influenced by oil and scorch prices therefore, when these commodities prices move upward or downward, they are likely to drive gas and electricity prices in the same direction (Ofgem, 2016b). Since the second half of 2014, there were downward trends in oil and coal prices due to oversupplied markets for these commodities, contributing to declining energy prices and therefore SSEs revenues. The movements of oil price can be illustrated in the following kind cipher 1 Brent Crude Oil price from 2010 to 2016(Source Bloomberg, 2016)Second, there are more and more energy suppliers in the UK market. Levels of new entry have been very high recently 14 new suppliers became active between April 2015 and March 2016, compared to five between April 2014 and March 2015 (Ofgem, 2016a). The charge of new rivals leads to SSEs declining market share as well as the firms revenue.Third, more and more customers are switching to small and medium-sized suppliers, as shown in Figure 2. If this trend goes on, there entrust be much pressure on expected revenue of large energy suppliers.Figure 2 periodical increases in the meat number of domestic gas and electricity meters supplied by small and medium-sized suppliers(Source Ofgem analysis of data provided by Xoserve, DNOs and iDNOs, 2016)From the above data, it might search that SSEs revenue will be struggling in the next few years. However, there are evidences for investors to believe in SSEs sales growth for at least the next 5 years. First, oil price forecasts by being brink, IMF and EIU indicate crude oil prices will observe steady increases from 2017 to 2025 (Knoema, 2016) (see figure 4, figure 4 and figure 6).Figure 3 World Bank Oil terms Forecast(Source Knoema, 2016)Figure 4 IMF Oil Price Forecast(Source Knoema, 2016)Figure 5 EIU Oil Price Forecast(Source Knoema, 2016)Second, some renewable projects will be fully operational in 2017 and these will definitely support revenue growth in the next few years. As reported by SSE (2016c), three onshore wind projects under expression are expected to come into operation in 2017, including Dunmaglass (94MW), Clyde Extension (173MW) and Bhlaraidh (108MW).After above analysis has been taken into account, the sales growth is determin ed as the arithmetic comely of the changes in sales over the previous three years, giving the result of 0.82%. This sales growth is conjectural effrontery that SSE is operating in increasingly competitive industry, with customers be given to switch to small and medium-sized suppliers in recent years.The operating profit margin is predicted to be 2.87%, which can be worked out by taking the average of the margins in previous three years. The reason stooge this assumption is that SSE is an efficient energy supplier act to concuring relatively low operating costs in order to make a fair profit. According to SSE (2015a), SSEs indirect costs per customer are around 20% lower than the average across the rest of the major suppliers. The effect of low operating costs can be demonstrated by stable operating profit margins for the last three years, and it is expected that this trend will continue for the coming financial years.The incremental capital investment of 53% is understandable as the company continues to develop secure, sustainable and low carbon energy infrastructure, given that the energy industry is switching to renewable energy sources. In its interim results for the six months to 30 September 2016, SSE announce it plans to invest a record 1.85bn of capital expenditure and investment in Great Britain and Ireland in 2016/17 (SSE, 2016b). According to Alistair Phillips-Davies, SSE Chief Executive, the firm is do more investment in supporting the modernization of UKs energy facilities, and the total investment and capital expenditure by 2020 is forecast to blow over approximately 6bn.A relatively low working capital investment of 10% is determined since SSEs current assets are just enough to lactate current liabilities in the last few years. Trade and other receivables accounts for a large proportion of SSEs current assets due to the nature of the energy supply business. Meanwhile, current liabilities are generally comprised of trade and other paya bles, which is because the company is making heavy investment in renewable energy infrastructure. Simply put, an incremental working capital investment of 10% is appropriate for SSE given that many potential energy projects will be under construction in the coming years.The corporation tax rate of 20% is utilize to company profits (HMRC, 2016), and SSEs business is also subject to this rate.Another key variable in SVA is weighted average cost of capital (WACC). The cost of debt is determined as SSEs weighted average interest rate, which is 3.73% for year 2016. Meanwhile, the cost of truth is computed using CAPM model. SSEs beta (0.74) was obtained from FAME database, while the UK Gilt 10 year Yield (1.40%) collected on Bloomberg website is used as the proxy for unhazardous rate all of these figures were retrieved on 19th January 2017. In addition, the UK market fortune premium (5.3%) by Fernandez, et al., (2016) is another key component in the CAPM. Subsequently, a WACC of 4.59% is achieved and this is the required rate of return for SSEs capital providers.In short, the following septet value drivers will be applied in case of SSETable 1 Seven value drivers for SVA modelKey Drivers determineSales growth0.82%Operating Profit margin2.87%Tax rate20%incremental fixed capital investment53%Incremental working capital investment10%Planning Horizon5Required Rate of Return4.59% Source Analysts estimate3.3 Employment of SVA ModelTable 2 illustrates how SVA model is utilized in SSEs case. SSEs revenue of 28,781m (recorded on 31st March 2016) was increased annually by a sales growth of 0.82% over a 5-year planning horizon. Subsequently, an operating margin of 2.87% was applied to revenues to come up with the firms operating profit. Before arriving at SSEs operating cash flows, a corporation tax rate of 20% was imposed on the operating profit, followed by subtractions of 53% in incremental capital investment and 10% in working capital investment. Afterwards, the prese nt value of future cash flows was estimated by discounting the firms operating cash flows by 4.59% cost of capital. It is state that SSEs terminal value at year 6+ was discounted twice, the first of which worked out the value at year 5 and the second one brought out the value in present day. After the net present value of 18,930.7m was figured out, adjustments were made by adding 360.2m cash and marketable securities, and then deducting 7,168.8m total debt. After all, SSEs intrinsic value was determined at 12,122.14m.Table 2 SSEs Shareholder value analysis (unit million pounds)Year123456+Sales29,018.429,257.729,498.929,742.229,987.529,987.5Profit833.6840.5847.4854.4861.5861.5 harmonise Profit206.5208.2209.9211.6213.4213.4Less Tax166.7168.1169.5170.9172.3172.3Less ICI125.1126.1127.2128.2129.30Less IWCI23.723.924.124.324.50Operating Cash Flow724.6730.6736.6742.7748.8902.6PV of cash flows692.8667.8643.8620.6598.315,707.4NPV18,930.7Add mkt secs19,290.9Less debt7,168.8 beauteousness Val ue SVA12,122.14millionActual Value15,757.52millionFAME access on 19th January 2017 Source Analysts estimate3.4 Comparative AnalysisSSEs intrinsic value derived from SVA model was 12,122.14m while its market capitalisation was recorded at 15757.52m (FAME database, accessed on 19th January 2017), pointing the difference of 3,635.38m between the two values.One possible invoice for this discrepancy is that all relevant information may not be in somaticd into the share price. It could be inferred from Efficient Market Hypothesis (Fama, 1970) that the extent to which the share price is reliable depends on the efficiency of the markets. Under the real form efficiency, the market value of 15757.52m will fully reflect all past, present and insider information. On the other hand, if the market is under the weak form efficiency, the market value of 15757.52m will only reflect the historical prices of the security, and and then lacking reliability. Furthermore, the information asymmetry, e.g . between focus and investors and between investors themselves, is another explaining factor. Plesco Sobol (2013) states that investors who are ill-informed about financial disclosures can make unreasonable decisions in their investment. receivable to irrational trading behaviours of these investors, share prices may not yield a fair market value.Another cause of the difference between the two values lies in the limitations of SVA model. The continual sales growth every year is not very realistic because the growth depends on potential t individuallying and firms strategies, which are subject to annual reviews. In the same manner, keeping WACC (4.59%) constant over 5-year planning horizon is not rational in practice, because the firms capital structure will change over time. Last but not least, the assumptions of sales growth and other key variables depend on each analysts subjective viewpoint. Changing these values by a small parting might result in considerable change in ul timate intrinsic value.3.5 Sensitivity AnalysisThe sensitivity analysis performance indicates that SSEs underlying value is highly sensitive to changes operating profit margin. A absolute adjustment of 2% made towards the operating margin will result in a substantial increase of 86% in the firms beauteousness value (see Appendix 6). It is worth remembering that SSE is committed to spare low operating costs so as to gain a fair profit. According to SSE (2015b), the firm has participated in a value program to ensure effective use of people and capital, the overall objective of which is business streamlining and simplification. This program comes with efficiency target, with expected 100m of annual savings in overheads. In addition, the program involves reduction in offshore wind increase as well as disposal of non-core assets. In general, this value evasion is likely to help SSE optimize its investment and re-balance its business.Moreover, it is noticeable that the firms intrinsi c value is susceptible to changes in WACC. An adjustment of +2% in the WACC will lead to approximately 50% reduction in the firms equity value (see Appendix 6). According to Fitch Ratings (2016), SSEs equity has been diminishing recently due to the influence of sustained asset impairment losses and generous dividend pay-outs. In agreement with Pecking Order Theory, debt takes priority over equity in case external finance is required (Donaldson, 1961). Because SSEs cost of debt (3.73%) is lower than cost of equity (5.32%), it is appropriate for SSE to obtainmore bank loans to finance its long-term operations, while still making sure cost of capital is unploughed to a minimum. Particularly Fitch Ratings (2016) claims that SSE has a policy of accessing debt markets, ensuring that its committed borrowings equal to at least 105% of forecast borrowings over a six-monthly rolling period and adequate liquidity will be fulfil until at least September 2017.4.1 Background informationIn the e nd of July 2014, SSE completed the acquisition of The Energy Solutions Group Topco Limited (ESG), the North west-based provider of energy worry services, from Bridgepoint Development Capital for 66m with an additional 6m if hold targets are achieved. Working with private and public sector customers, ESG identify improvements in their direction of energy consumption as well as install, maintain and support building management systems and solutions, saving customers around 20% to 30% of their energy consumption (SSE, 2014).4.2 Evaluation of the issue in the context of finance theoriesThis acquisition is classified into vertical MA (Mergers and Acquisitions). According to Arnold (2013), vertical MA occur between companies operating in the same industry at different stages of production, i.e. one company acquires another company that is either in the beginning or after it in the supply chain process. In case of SSEs acquisition, both SSE and ESG work in the energy industry. SSE invol ves in all many stages of energy supply chain including wholesale, networks (distribution) and retail meanwhile ESG engages in the retail business where it is the designer and provider of energy management solutions. Therefore, SSEs getting ESG would be a downstream vertical acquisition.So, what is SSEs motivation behind this acquisition? Vertical integration has some advantages, including the attraction of increased matter of course of supply or market outlet reducing cost of search, contracting, hire collection, advertising, communication and co-ordination of production (Arnold, 2013). SSE (2014) states that the acquisition of ESG will strengthen SSEs services in competitive markets for industrial and commercial customers. These services are comprised of electrical and mechanical contracting, lighting services, private energy networks and telecoms, all of which are under the control of Enterprise division which forms part of SSEs retail business. According to Arnold (2013), one of the merger and acquisition motives is synergy in which the two firms together are worth more than the value of the firms apart hence in this case, ESG will bring commercial synergies to SSEs Enterprise division.SSEs Chief Executive Alistair emphasized that managing energy costs and environmental impact are SSEs big priority for large industrial and commercial customers. Benefiting from ESGs expertise, SSE expects to meet the energy and related demands of these customers in an enhanced manner. It was confirmed that the ESGs existing management team would be in charge of the Enterprise division, and the firm believed that the commitment of the ESG management team and other employees will benefit its customers and the environment in terms of effective energy management solutions delivery.SSEs acquisition of ESG is considered a strategic acquisition in order to achieve external growth. There are two ways to categorise strategic acquisitions by type of capability transferred and by their relation to corporate strategy (Goold Luchs, 1995). Regarding capability transfer, SSE (2015a) asserts that the acquisition of ESG added new capabilities to the business. (Goold Luchs, 1995) claims that value is created in an acquisition when competitive advantage of one firm is enhanced by the transfer of strategic capabilities including resource sharing, functional expertness transfer and management skill transfer. The presence of ESG management team in SSEs Enterprise division will upgrade SSEs capability of strategic planning, ensuring that effective energy management solutions are delivered for the sake of customers. Generally, SSE is expected to benefit from management skill transferred from ESG.Another way to categorize strategic acquisitions is based on their constituent to corporate-level strategy. In other words, acquisitions are assessed considering their connections in maintaining and changing the balance between the firms existing field of battle and the ren ewal of its capabilities (Goold Luchs, 1995). An acquisitions contributions are classified into either domain strengthening, domain extension or domain exploration. In light of SSEs acquiring ESG, this would be an illustration of domain strengthening because this acquisition will sharpen SSEs presence in retail business, especially reinforcing Enterprise divisions operation.Next, it is essential to see what happened with SSE stock price after the firm made declaration about the acquisition of ESG. Theoretically, when a firm acquires another one, a short-term impact on the stock price of both companies is expected. Specifically, a draw play of practical studies point out that the acquiring firms stock price will go down while the acquired entitys stock price will rise (Investopedia, 2016a). With respect to the takeover company, its stock will go down mainly because of a number of uncertainties associated with the acquisition, such as turbulent integration process, muzzy producti vity, additional debt or expense incurred and accounting issues (Investopedia, 2016a). Figure 6 demonstrates SSEs stock prices after the acquisition of ESG was disclosed.Figure 6 SSEs stock price movements after acquisition of ESG (Source Hargreaves Lansdown, 2014)As can be seen from the above figure, SSEs stock prices witnessed decreases in two consecutive days after the acquisition and this conformed with the empirical studies implication m