Telstra Segmentation

The broadcasted advertisement launched by Tellers a few months ago highlighting the statement â€Å"we are Australian†. D) Electronic Interactive Marketing (internet): When you type in ‘Tellers' on Google, a sponsored link gets displayed on the right side of your web page which display the different sales promotion undertaken by Tellers. 2. The mall target market for all which all these different marketing communication tools are used is the market consisting of Australian people, mainly those wanting to purchase a telecommunication providers service.All these communication tools aim at attracting the customers from this market and making them purchase Telltale's arrives. Although, the actual market targeted might vary for one communication tool to another, however the company uses these deferent marketing tools to target the entire consumer market right from young to old, students to retirees, etc. As a result it can be stated that one of the segmentation variables on t he basis of which Tellers targets consumers is the demographic variable of age. 3.Communication Objective: Advertising (Outdoor Media/ Billboard): This advertisement aims at attracting the consumers to purchase the latest mobile phone (Motorola IV) with a Tellers service. The mall feature aimed at attracting the consumers Is the city search application where people can search for restaurants on the their mobile for free and decide on which place to have a meal. Advertising (Print Media): This advertisement aims at attracting consumers using the services of other telecommunication providers and makes them sign up with Tellers.Also another objective of the advertisement Is that for encouraging people to sign up with Big Pond which Is the broadband service offered by Tellers. This can be effective because the benefits offered by Tellers can convince the consumers to choose Tellers ever other service providers. Broadcast Advertising: The aim of the television commercial is to promote am ong the consumers of Australia that Tellers is indeed an Australian company and to promote such an Image that the customers choose the domestic brand (Tellers) over other International telecommunication service providers (Boatmen). Gun an advertisement can generate great goodwill for the company and play a major role on improving the public relations. Interactive Advertising: Such a sponsored link aims at diverting the attention of the Internet user and attracts him/her towards different sales promotion and offers revived by Tellers. Such interactive advertising can at times be non-productive due to factors such as not appealing to consumers, consumers least interested in it, not seen by the users, etc. 4.A new marketing communications approach used by Tellers could be handing out mobile connections with minimum credit to the arriving passengers at airports for them to use. In this approach, Tellers sets up counters at the airport arrival lounges and hands out the mobile connections to the arriving passengers. At times, when people come to Australia from foreign countries, they do not have a ready mobile injection, which they can use to contact their friends or relatives in Australia.They have to go in search of the retail outlets of these service providers and compare the available alternative. This can be a very lengthy and time-consuming process at times. In place of this, if Tellers provides free telephone connections to arriving people at the airport with minimum credit, it will be able to improve its public relations to a great extent and the image of the company can also improve drastically. However, such a marketing communications approach can be expensive and at times not be very effective.

Managing Relationships Essay

Introduction Relationships differ throughout our life from birth. We have friendships which are freely chosen, we have family which establishes the growth of individuals, we have romance which is where we commit and are intimate with someone, we have professional which is on a business level. We all have relationships that stand out in our lives and a couple of them have lasted a lifetime and the others were short but left a memory that will live forever in my paper I will discuss one of the relationships where and how it started and where it still is almost thirty years later. I will also discuss the issues the relationship has been through. I will also discuss ways to manage and improve the relationship. My Relationship The relationship started approximately twenty-six years ago when I was attending middle school. The relationship started off not how the normal friendship starts off this relationship started as rivalry between my brother and my best friends sister which also led to confrontatio n after that took its course me and my best friend started talking and then from there we became a team we spent every day after school together we would giggle, play, plan, and also get into trouble as kids sometimes do. Two years into meeting I had some family problems at home and I it was decided between her parents and mine that it would be a good idea for me to live with my new friend and her family. Today we are closer than sisters talk every day at least twice once in the morning on my way to work and after work on my way home. We also argue and disagree but we always work it out. This is the longest relationship I have had outside of my family but in my eyes she is my family. Attraction and Power The short term attraction began as children as someone to laugh with, to play with, to talk to as little girls do and the closer we became we were growing and learning about ourselves and about each other and we are totally opposite in the ways we live the ways we think and the way handle things but one thing is certain we level each other out. Since we do have different ways of thinking sometimes the power struggle begins and gets ugly and we are both wrong but entitled to the way we feel and it beco mes wrong when we try to make the other do something or feel guilty for what we feel or think or what they do not want to do. The importance of attraction in the relationship is vital for the ones involved to stay interested in the relationship and to pursue continuing it after all we are self-fish humans and if the relationship becomes uninteresting or there is nothing to gain from it either emotionally, physically, or spiritually chances are the relationship will die. Along with power in a relationship there has to be respect and if the power is used negatively eventually one of the people involved will get tired and again the relationship will end. Improvement An area for improvement in this relationship is listening and respecting each other’s feelings and decisions no matter whether we agree with it or not as it our human right to feel the way we feel and no one no matter who they are has the right to disrespect it. Being open minded will help this matter and acknowledging that our feelings alone are not the only ones that count we must consider everyone involved and how they can be affected and respect the feelings they hold for the situation, which in reality is fair and is vital to maintaining a friend or significant other. Relationship Management Skills Author Daniel Goleman believes it is possible to build better relationships one step at a time. This is accomplished by focusing on six competencies in the Relationship Management domain of Emotional Intelligence. These six competencies are as follows; Inspiration, Influence, Development, Initiate change, Manage conflict, and Establish terms and collaboration. (Goleman, 2009). The two management skills I will use in my strategy to improve this relationship are skills on managing conflict and establishing terms and collaboration. Managing conflict requires the ability to be able to see other perspectives outside of your own And to find a common solution that everyone can agree on and initiate. Managing conflict will help us to be able to not get so upset and hurt where we can still voice our thoughts and opinions respect the difference if we think differently. Managing conflict will also require good listening skills and self-control this will us to hand le difficult and tense situations, see potential conflict before it starts, it will help us to have an open discussion on circumstances, and it will be more of a winning situation. (Goleman, 2009) Team work and collaboration model respect, helpfulness, and cooperation. Both work and home are happier when these conditions are met. When people work well together, turnover and the productivity of the goal ahead increases. It is well known that emotions are contagious and that if one person in a group is unhappy it can make everyone unhappy. To improve my relationship skills I will want my best friend to be able to turn towards me rather than away from me or against me so I will have self-respect and show respect to others, I will try to have communication skills including listening assertiveness, also watching my nonverbal communication (Goleman, 2009) Conclusion We are all human and communication and relationships are an everyday happening we must either communicate in a verbal or non-verbal way we must also listen with an open mind and have respect for all parties involved in order for the relationships we have to work out or to turn into a long term relationship. We cannot abuse power or others feelings they may have and we must respect others choices as a mutual respect or the relationship will not work. Managing conflict and working together will help provide a better foundation for the relationship and help it grow from short term into long term with an understanding of both parties feelings along with the thoughts involved. Meeting people and building a relationship is a process of learning, listening, accepting, identifying, and respecting each other. Relationships can be anything from just casual acquaintances or can be like the one I have with my best friend almost thirty years long and counting. We can go from friendships to intimate relationships as we learn, grow, and love. References Works Cited (2009, July 27). Retrieved May 20, 2013, from The Power of Perceptions: http://nivasameya.hubpages.com/hub/The-power-of-Perception Types of Power in a Relationship. (2013, May 21). Retrieved from http://voices.yahoo.com/types-power-relationship-34270.html Blackett, K., & Weiss, P. (2011, May 1). Safari Books Online. Retrieved May 19, 2013, from http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/-/9781593578534/chapter-3-perception-learning-styles-and-personality/i61 Goleman, D. (2009, December 9). 5 Ways To Improve Your Realtionship Management Skills. Retrieved May 25, 2013, from http://www.articlesbase.com/business-articles/5-tips-to-improve-your-relationship-management-skills-1566932.html Knuth, R. (2004, November 4). The Negative Uses of Power. Retrieved May 21, 2013, from http://www.principals.org/portals/0/content/48192.pdf Webb, M. (2006,

The American Tactics of the Revolutionary War

Most of Europe thought that the British with their immense amount of capital, soldiers and supplies would beat the American resistance in the American revolutionary war without much of an effort. However the Patriots realized, from their earliest difficulties, to capitalize on the enemys weaknesses. Guerrilla warfare and a strategy that emanated from the ability to manipulate events to their own benefit enabled the Americans to defeat the ostensibly more powerful British. The Americans suffered great abuse from their mother country. The British laid upon the Americans heavy taxes between the years 1764 to the middle of 1776. They created such taxes in the Sugar Act, Townshend Act, Tea Act, the Intolerable Acts and many other acts. These acts over the course of the years destroyed much of the faith that Americans had in the British government. The greater portion of the population thought the British were inadequate rulers and that they could do a much better job in ruling themselves. The Americans were tired of the Quartering Act which let British troops be housed in their own homes. They didnt enjoy housing British troops so that their families could be spied upon or have their children raped. The least the Americans thought they deserved was the right to have a representation in Parliament and the right to settle the land over the Appalachian Mountains. If the farmers could have more land to work on, the Americans could have a surplus of food to ship to other countries creating a better economy for the American people. Over the course of about twenty-five years the Americans sent over 500 bills to the British House Of Trade trying to repeal the economic acts that Britain laid down upon them. The Americans also tried to convince the British to let them have the ability to trade with other countries. If the British would have allowed this the common people of American would have been doing better economically; the percent of poor people would have been lowered greatly and the average income would have gone up a great deal. The reason it would have gone up so much is that Britain controlled the prices of products. The British decided how much they would buy a product for from the Americans and charge them two or three times as much to buy it back. All the American people really wanted was to be treated properly. As Thomas Paine said in Common Sense the British treated the Americans like an abusive mother would treat her child. Due to the economic hardships the Americans suffered they knew that they were going to face many problems in the war. The Americans knew that the British had a larger supply of men ranging from more experienced generals to more soldiers. The British had such a surplus of income from all of their colonies that they were able hire and supply mercenaries from Germany to come and fight in America. They had a stronger navy and a lot more artillery than the Americans had. The Americans faced many other disadvantages such as lack of guns, ammunition, food, clothing, and most of all they were heavily outnumbered by men. The British had most advantages except for three main things. The first of all the British had a harder time setting up their supply line because they were so far away from any major base. Their main head quarters was on Long Island. The British had a difficult time setting up a supply line outside of New York and New Jersey to feed, clothe, and keep in contact with their men. The second disadvantage was that the American generals knew the land and terrain where they were fighting a lot better then the British generals did. The American Generals knew how to deal with certain weather issues and turned it to their advantage. The Americans could plan out strategies based on land and terrain rather than sheer numbers, which is how the British tried to deal with the patriots. The third and probably one of the most important British disadvantages that they faced was that the Patriots had more desire to win. The soldiers knew that they were defending their land, their families, and they were protecting their desires. The British soldiers were fighting for what most of them considered to be nothing. Most of the British soldiers were tired of fighting in America and wanted to go home and see their families or create and have a family. The Americans at the beginning of the war tried a certain style of warfare known as Jomini warfare. The two enemies would decide when to have a battle and attack each other. The two enemies would charge at each other, shoot and hope that the basic strategy that was planned at the beginning would hold out. Much less strategy was used and involved in a battle such as this. The only problem with this style of warfare for the Americans was that in certain battles the British sometimes outnumbered them four to one. One such battle that proved that the Americans could not beat the British using European warfare was in the Battle of Brandywine. Washington was trying to keep the British from overtaking Philadelphia and at least give the Continental Congress time to leave Philadelphia before they were attacked. Washington with a force of 11,000 men thought he could take on General Howe. Howe divided his army and over took Washington with a flanking maneuver and forced Washington to retreat. Washington had lost about a thousand men. This battle proved to Washington how he needed a strategy that would not have them going into a man to man combat situation where numbers were the main deciding factor. He tried to overtake General Howe at Germantown in fog by sending half of his army to the backside of the town and half to the front side of the town. The army failed to move properly so Washington lost the battle of Germantown but it prevented Howe not to have another assault on Philadelphia that year. Even though Washington lost this battle it was a victory for him personally as a commander and for the army. It proved to the Americans how they could not face the British in direct man to man combat and forced them to form new methods to fight the British so that they could survive. The Americans created new strategies in order to overcome their enemies and capitalize on their weaknesses. The native people coined this new strategy called guerrilla warfare. The basis of this style of warfare is to quickly attack your enemy and run away. The Americans carefully selected their battleground and time of attack as much as possible in guerrilla warfare so that they could have every advantage possible so that they could have a chance to win. Two such instances where the time of day and choice of terrain were the complete reasons for British defeat were at Stony Point and at Paulus Hook. The battle at Stony Point took place on the night of July fifteenth and ended the morning of July sixteenth. Washington assigned Mad Anthony Wayne to this attack. Wayne had 1,350 men that were given to him for this attack. He set his men in two tight lines and marched towards the fort in and camouflaged by the night darkness. The first men to raid the fort attacked with their bayonets. The British fort soon went into chaos and surrendered very quickly. In total this battle cost the Americans 15 lives, they killed 63 British soldiers, and General Clinton was forced to surrender the fort to the Americans. Another battle that was won by time of day and terrain was in Paulus Hook, New Jersey. Harry Lee took a small squad and attacked the 200 men post. He attacked at dawn and caught the British completely off guard and shocked them. He killed or captured almost everybody at the fort. He retreated with everyone within two hours of the attack to make sure no British reinforcements arrived. There were many different guerilla warfare styles and strategies over the course of the revolutionary war. One such strategy was to have two rows of riflemen fire and then run away. The British would then try to catch them and the troops would be lead into a trap waiting for them. Two of the best, and most successful, uses of this strategy were at the Battle of Cowpens and the Battle at Guilford Court. The Battle of Cowpens physically took place on January 17 but was set up between January 2,1781 and the day of the actual battle on January 17. The battle of Cowpens was a major battle of the war against the British for conquest as much as morals. Previous to the battle General Greene had separated his army of about 1,700 into two divisions. His army would have 1,100 and General Morgan would have about 600 men. General Cornwallis thought this to be a very foolish move and sent out Banastre Trarleton, one of the most fearsome British officers with 1,100 men. Morgan knew he would lose against Trarleton at his present so he traveled to Cowpens South Carolina to wait for the onslaught that they knew was coming. On the way to Cowpens Morgan picked up enough men to almost evenly match the British man for man. He knew that Trarleton would attack frontally so he prepared a strategy that would be able to handle it. He knew and planned on the fact that his militia would retreat at first sign of charge so he laid out a strategy that would take this into account. He had his militia stand in two rows. All of the militia that were in the rows were instructed to fire twice and leave. This strategy worked better then Morgan could have ever planned. His two rows of men, totaling about 400 men knocked back and completely destroyed the first British charge and then the militia retreated. Leaving his other men to charge at the British, General Morgan completely humiliated Trarleton. Morgan had killed or captured more than three fourths of his force. Trarleton had only escaped with 140 horsemen. The same strategy was implemented at the battle at Guilford Court. British General Cornwallis wanted revenge on General Morgan for what he did to the British at Cowpens. So Cornwallis had his army of 2,500 men trail General Morgans army who chose to go north after their victory and rejoin with General Greenes army. He trailed their army for nearly two months and after losing at least 500 men trailing Morgan and Greene, he decided to go in a complete circle back to Hillsborough. There General Nathan Greene was waiting for him. He had applied their previous strategy in the battle at Cowpens to this battle. General Greene started with 2,000 men after the Battle at Cowpens and had increased his numbers up to over 4,500 men. He decided to place a good number of his militia in two forward lines and the continental part of his army in a third row. He called Colonel Washington to protect his left flank and Light Horse Harry Lee to protect his right flank. After the quick attack Greene decided to leave and not pursue a fight. He knew that the losses that they would have suffered would not have been worth the fight but during this battle they killed about 300 British troops. This battle at Guilford Court caused Cornwallis to retreat all the way back to Wilmington and then to Virginia where the demise of the British was. Another reason the Americans won certain battles over the British army was that the British did not take the American resistance with total seriousness causing them to do some stupid things do to poor judgement. One example of a battle when the British lost due to their stupidity was in the Battle at Bennington. The British were heading towards Vermont to obtain horses, food, and other supplies to aid the German mercenaries who had been without horses for a great length of time. Lieutenant Colonel Fredrich Baum was instructed not to risk heavy losses but to scare and despoil the Vermonters. Baum left his camp with about 700 men and two cannons, which was thought to be more than enough to fight any small resistance that they might face. His first defiance of his orders was when Baum encountered a force of 200 men sent by Brigadier General John Stark. After the battle he was informed that these men were part of a militia force gathering at Bennington. He decided to press towards Bennington and destroy the force, even though it went against his orders again. Baum then marched towards Bennington. On his way there Baum saw two contingents of men going towards his rear and presumed that they were Tories that were going to flank the enemy and didnt give them a second thought after seeing them. When Baum approached Bennington, Stark order his men in front to charge, at the same time the two contingents of men already behind Baum also attack him and Baum was massacred. If Baum had taken any care as to even think of the contingents traveling behind him he could have possibly beaten the Americans at Bennington. But because of his disobedience of orders and his ignorance he lost the battle. The British, with all their money, men, supplies, and power couldnt overcome what little the Americans had. The Patriots realized, from their earliest difficulties, to capitalize on the enemys weakness. The Americans devised new tactics to overcome the British in their traditional Jomini style of warfare. The Americans used all that they possibly had to beat British. What drove the Americans to create these new strategies, though, was their desire; their desire to overcome the British is what gave the colonial fighters their true advantage during the American Revolutionary War.

Communication study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication study - Essay Example The importance of paradigms is greatly emphasized in the chapter as an important aspect in social research. For instance in political life, different paradigms normally exist in the form of ideologies and political orientations which basically seek to address the same issues. It is further seen that paradigms will normally change over time as new issues arise. Every paradigm is sooner or later affected by many challenges and limitations and this creates the need for new dimensions. At the core of social theory, two paradigms are seen to take preeminence. Macrotheory seeks to look at social institutions from the general perspective and how societies interact with one another. For instance, the struggle realized between the bourgeoisie and proletariats as studied by Karl Marx is an example of Macrotheory. On the other hand, microtheory analyses the interactions of individuals at the very basic and intimate level. For instance, in studying human interaction, focus can be paced upon the difference in the behaviors of boys and girls. The chapter further provides the important link between theory and research as realized in social science. Basically, research is used in testing the many theories usually inherent in social inquiry. Chapter three provides a lucid explanation on the importance of ethics in social research. Indeed, it is seen that any scientific research must always be conducted within a given set of limits and ethical considerations in order to qualify as effective. There is a specific code of conduct which must always be observed by the researchers in any inquiry (Babbie, 2006). For instance, considering that social research will normally involve intrusion into the lives or aspects of other people, it is importance to ensure that all the people involved in such inquiry voluntarily offer themselves for the research. In the same way, the researcher must always safeguard the safety of the participants and the confidentiality of the information provided

Gangs and Gang Violence in Jersey City Research Paper

Gangs and Gang Violence in Jersey City - Research Paper Example Likewise, use of threats to, both members and non-members of the gangs is a normal phenomenon. Furthermore, gangs normally have at least one rival and that increases the potential of violence. Further researches indicate that gangs are unique and unified by their ability to propagate dread. Existence of any given gang group normally leads to the potential formation of another in order to protect the local community from the violent activities of the gangs. By so doing, there is a perpetual problem because of the reaction effect that comes with the existence of a gang in any particular locality. Poverty and unemployment are catalyst of for gang formation because the youths become a target by the police; and in retaliation, they organize themselves into gangs. The same adversarial concept explains the reason behind formation of different types of gangs, spread all over the world. Threats to any particular group catalysis the formation of a gang since the general feeling is that the grouping may is targeted hence the need to over self-protection. As a result of the formation, the group poses a challenge to both the members and non-members. Cohesions among different gangs are strengthened as the threat level increases because members feel the need for cohesion to enhance their ability to react when threatened. With that comes, the increased magnitude of violence. Violence in gangs normally arises from â€Å"contagion†. This refers to the poisoning of the mind of the gang members to the extent of believing in certain ideologies and retaliation once those ideologies are threatened. Once threatened by violence, a gang retaliates and the effect is spread violence in the area. Similarly, violence spreads the activities of a gang group from one area to another. The riding factors are: the any assault or violence directed to the gang, the retaliatory effects of the gang and the subsequent escalation of the violence to, previously, peaceful

Response paper 7, chinese literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response paper 7, chinese literature - Essay Example The first two stanzas describe the stars, weather, skies, and wind with an accepting attitude. The writer knows that weather and the stars cannot be changed, so the narrator accepts the storm or calm weather as a fact of life, looking at the beauty of nature without any complaint. The unknown causes of the universe cannot be understood by the narrator, so acceptance and appreciation is the resulting attitude. After the passive description of the surroundings, the narrator states an old man’s wish to sail away. This stanza is influenced by the Zihuangzi’s thought of a man’s impassive look at life. The old man wishes to sail, but both the narrator and old man understand that is not the old man’s Dao. In return, the narrator’s suffering in the jungle is accepted as the narrator’s Dao. The trip was balanced by the acceptance of good and bad. Throughout this whole poem Zihuangzi’s thought is a main influencing

Comparison of two Asian Megacities Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparison of two Asian Megacities - Term Paper Example Also the internal migration brought about a rapid change with regard to the economical, social, political and demographic aspects of these cities which in turn became mega cities. It will be interesting to study Mumbai and Bangkok in the above mentioned context. Demographics: Mumbai-formerly known as Bombay until 1995- is the capital city of Maharashtra state, India; but is well deservingly called the commercial and financial capital of India. It is also one of the world’s most densely populated mega cities. Its population of lately has reached a whooping 16 million mark. As per the wikipedia information â€Å"As of 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.† Mumbai is popularly known as a cultural melting pot as one finds migrants from all regions of India settled here and many more pouring in daily. Bangkok is the capital city of Thailand. Its population is ab out 9 million. It is the largest urban city of Thailand popularly known as the city of angels. Bangkok is perhaps the most apt example of a city representing a population of diverse cultures. Referbangkok.com confirms that â€Å"Bangkok has a true international culture with a sizable population of immigrants from China, Japan, India, America, Europe, Taiwan, South Korea, Nigeria, Malaysia and Singapore. Bangkok is also believed to be a host for a good number (approx. 400 – 600 thousand) of illegal immigrants from Cambodia, Myanmar (Burma), Russia, Ukraine, Pakistan, Nigeria, India, Bangladesh, China, and other countries.† Economy: In older times Mumbai’s economy revolved around its cotton textile industry. Textile industries still bear a lot of importance in Mumbai’s economy. But as a result of globalization Mumbai has emerged as an epicenter of a large number of economic activities. City-data.com gives the current account of Mumbai’s financial str engths mentioning that â€Å"Mumbai is home to some of India's largest and wealthiest industrial conglomerates, such as the Aditya Birla Group, Godrej, and Tata & Sons. More specialized economic activities are diamond cutting, computers, and movie making (in sheer numbers, Mumbai, or "Bollywood," produces more movies than any other city in the world, including Hollywood). In addition to manufacturing, Mumbai is a leading commercial and financial center. The city is home to the Reserve Bank of India, the Mumbai Stock Exchange, and a variety of other major financial institutions. The government and service sectors are also important in the city's economy.† Bangkok too is the financial center of Thailand. At one time, the major source of income in Bangkok was agriculture. But over the period of time it has solidified Thailand’s economy through establishing itself as the commercial center of not only Thailand but also Southeast Asia for imports and exports. Referring to Ba ngkok industries City-data.com reveals that †Food processing, textiles, and the production of building materials are the chief manufacturing enterprises. Other industries include cement, electronics, petroleum refining, and tourism.† The presence of Bangkok stock exchange and a majority of banks in Bangkok confirm the city’s status as the financial center of Thailand. Environmental Issues: The local politicians, administrators play an important role in the growth of a city in general. But Mumbai perhaps is the worst example

Content Analysis Writing Assignment Research Paper

Content Analysis Writing Assignment - Research Paper Example The movie analyses how the less popular students in school suffer when they try to fit in the popular world. It becomes difficult for them to establish friendships and mingle with other students (Dubowski, Bicks, Kohn & Silverstein, 2009). As seen by the character of Josie, whereby the popular girls mimic her and isolate her. This makes Josie miserable and unhappy. She struggles to fit in, in vain. Friendship is crucial in every person’s life, be it a child, teenager or a parent. Through good friendships, one is able to discuss diverse ideas with regard to different life situation (Brougham, 2007). Everyone in the world requires friendships in one way or another. Without friends, one feels unhappy and isolated. As seen in the movie, Josie tries to establish friendships with different people without success. When she tries to fit in with the popular students, they neglect and make fun of her, when she tries to fit with the geek group she fails too (Dubowski, Bicks, Kohn & Silverstein, 2009). This makes her have no option, but be on her own. In every friendship, there are rules that ought to be adhered, to make the friendship last. For instance, trust, love and emotional support are crucial in every relationship. Therefore, it is essential for everyone to have a friend with whom to depend on and share life experiences (Brougham, 2007). The theme of love, also seen in the movie, the students want to feel loved by both their friends and experience romantic love. For instance, Josie tries to make herself noticed by men so that she could experience romantic love. Her efforts become fruitless after taking a cookie and misbehave in front of the entire school fraternity. She becomes a laughing stock the following day in school. She is thus forced to give up her dreams of getting a boyfriend. A similar thing happens in real life; this occurs in every person’s life when looking for that one

Impact of the Internet on a Small Business Research Paper

Impact of the Internet on a Small Business - Research Paper Example Today a business without the use of the computing power of a computer, or the use of the internet, is sure to be left behind and age very quickly. Competition in the business world is fierce and business is all about marketing and who can reach the consumer first. Today’s computers and internet play a vital role in accomplishing this task. It is impossible for modern business groups to think about a world without internet at present. This was not the case a mere twenty years ago when the internet was in its infancy. Irrespective of large scale, medium scale or small scale, all types of businesses are highly dependent on internet related technologies in today’s perspectives. Through the internet, a business of any size can compete in the global marketplace. In fact, on the internet, the size of an organization's operation makes little difference because the internet is an open environment. Similar companies compete against one another while being only a click of the mous e away. In other words, a buyer can locate numerous sellers offering similar merchandise, similar prices and similar offers in a very short time period. As more people and businesses become comfortable with the internet, the marketing landscape will continue to evolve quickly in the coming years (The Influence of Internet on Modern Business, 2009). The arrival of internet related technologies helped small scale industries immensely. The internet lent a hand in small companies competing on a global level. This also factored in a small business growing into great proportions at incredible speeds never experienced in history ever before. Many of the traditional business concepts were given way for internet related business strategies because of the arrival of computers and internet. For example, internet helped the business world to convert many of the offline market spaces into online market spaces. Moreover, outsourcing, off shoring like modern business principles were evolved out be cause of the developments in internet related technologies. Since a company could outsource, so easy is it to have its down fall, on many Americans who loose there job to overseas areas that had cheaper labour and less taxes. We can see this with a majority of companies at a minimum outsourcing their phone tech support. Many of these companies have tech support online twenty four hours a day and three hundred sixty five days a year. Advertising is another in which internet helps small scale industries immensely. Social networks are used extensively by the businesses for marketing and advertising purposes. This can be seen by looking at any internet search engine today from Google, Yahoo, or any other of the one hundred and seventy search engines available. If you go to any search engine like Google or MSN you will see advertisements on the right hand side, or on top of the page. These are seen by millions of people today. These ads are cheap and easy to acquire to the point where an y person or business can advertise for pennies on the click. At the same time, internet has the potential to affect small businesses in a negative way too. For example, internet helped globalization in many ways, but it also lent way to sites like Angie’s list to see if the business is reputable or garbage. It should be noted that globalization helped corporate companies to expand their business all over the world. The intrusion of corporate compani

History Museum Visit Essay Example for Free

History Museum Visit Essay Located on the coast of southern California is the city of La Jolla. Now home to almost 40,000 people, this city shares its own historical story from the past one hundred and fifty years through a series of presentations located within three historical structures. These three structures include, The Westeria Cottage, Carriage House and the Current Headquarters. Each structure contributes its portion in putting together the La Jolla’s Historical Society. Currently, the structures are featuring, Home front La Jolla : An American Community during World War 11. The series includes multiple rooms dedicated to different parts in history, along with the different aspects going on during the war. Each room featured many photographs, artifacts and personal stories to exploit the hardship of these times in our history. Many of these items were either donated or loaned by the Veterans Museum in Balboa Park and the Japanese American Historical Society of San Diego. While researching for museums, early in February I came across the main website for these historical sites. It caught my eye because I knew that this exhibit would cast a different kind of perspective than other grand museums. There are a ton of histories on World War II, but there are very few on the home front experience. The La Jolla Historical Society presents a perspective from its society, and shares multiple personal oral stories from its own residents who lived through the war or their surviving relatives, which I found fascinating. It is catered specifically to the effects of World War II on La Jollians. The oral stories provided by this exhibit are not only about what these residents remember about World War II, but also an intake of what life was like beyond that. I viewed this as a much different approach, but was very excited to begin my experience because I knew it would be something new. On April 7th, 2012, I took the opportunity to travel down to La Jolla and visit the museum. The museum is open Thursday-Sunday, Noon to four PM and does not have a fee at all. I was also fortunate to be able to attend on a day where there was a given lecture at five PM, giving me enough time to grab an early dinner before returning again. The lecture, Science Technology on the Home front, was covered by an oceanographer and U.S Army veteran Walter Munk. He discussed the scientific innovations sparked by the needs of the war effort precipitating a boom in the fields of marine sciences and aeronautics. Entering the museum, I was introduced into a grand room that was divided up by glass cylinders, and it also offered entrances to many other rooms. Initially where you begin the journey, the right wall played an introduction role. It began with the year of 1894, displaying numerous photographs creating an idea of how life was like in La Jolla at the time. â€Å"Everyone knew everyone† quoted by Maurice Bonny was stated at the top of the wall. Photographs included vacation sports such as the La Jolla Caves, as well as the role of the newly invented Trains and Trolleys played and daily lifestyle activities such as golfing and beachside activities. Continuing along, stood in front of me a large wall with a devastating photograph of the explosives on December 7th, 1941. Underneath was the original copy of the U.S Navy Communication Service from that given day, along with an article written the following day by John MaxConnel. This portion of the exhibit also feautured my first chosen artifact, a scrapbook. The oral history of a World War II veteran, Don Shutte, was done by a La Jolla High School student named Ana Ofresky, especially for this exhibit. Don Schutte donated a scrapbook of artifacts of things throughout his experience. It contained images, personal sketches and official documents, including the telegram the Department of War sent to his parents notifying them of his status as missing in action and a POW identification card he was given by the German Army upon his capture and imprisonment during the Battle of Bulge, on December 16, 1944. The final page of the scrapbook contains a letter he wrote to himself on Dec. 2, 1945, stating: â€Å"Hello there, great to be a civilian, isn’t it?† I found this a significant artifact because it told a story of just one man involved in the war in a very unique way. The documents inside this scrapbook were all original and of items I had never se en before. On the opposite side of the room was a large wall which featured certain camps that La Jolla was hosting at the time. These camps included Camp Callan, Camp Mathews and a military base in Bird Rock. Camp Calvin B. Mathews, also known as Marine Corps. Rifle Range was a military base from 1917 to 1964. It was used as a marksmanship training facility for Marine recruits being trained at Marine Corps Recruit. It was issued a rifle base but not until 1923. The base was then constructed to what is now UCSD. Camp Callen was a United States Army anti-aircraft artillery replacement training center that was operational during the time of war but was shut down right after World War II had ended. Lastly, there was another Naval Anti- Aircraft Training Center at Bird Rock, or Pacific Beach. This was a site where sailors would take a six-day course on anti-aircraft artillery. It was opened from 1942 to 1945 and trained about 300,000 sailors to shoot down aircrafts. In a separate and very small room, was a Japanese American side and point of view during the war. It was set up to look like what s room at the internment camps looked like. â€Å"Most Japanese were interned in 10 camps in remote areas of seven western states. No claim of humane intent could change the reality-these were concentration camps. (pg. 736). The room only included a bed and a suitcase which included bedding, a book and one outfit. On the largest wall was a map that displayed the location of all of the internment camps in the U.S and a copy of a poster of instructions for the Japanese living in these rooms. â€Å"Local newspapers there expressed confidence in the loyalty of Japanese Americans, who in any case were crucial to Hawaii’s economy(pg.736)† The room also displayed many newspaper articles, including one from the Los Angeles Examiner on March 23, 1942 announcing relocation of Japanese Americans from Los Angeles to internment camps. It was good to see an example of what kind of media was out during the time. Also in the room was the story of Hiomi Nakamura, a La Jollian born Japanese American who was first transported to a permanent relocation internment camp site, and later drafted to play a role in the was at a laboratory. Also, in this room I found my second artifact, small carvings. In all of the internment camps, people began making what they needed with whatever materials they could find. Scrap lumber became furniture, found metal became knives and for fun, scrap wood was carved into small, painted birds. These carvings were scrap wood paint metal which women also used as jewelry. To the right of this room continues on to an even smaller room. This part of the exhibit was the â€Å"blackout† room, covered with thick black sheets much like those were used by residents at the time to keep light inside their houses. People were so afraid the Japanese would attack that they had to turn out all of their lights at night. Blackouts were enacted to prevent enemy aircraft from reaching their targets by sight. They also helped prevent ships from being viewed in silhouette against the shore, and vulnerable to attack by enemy submarines. Traffic lights and car lights were covered in a way that would deflect their beams to the ground. This is where another one of my artifacts was inspired, a black sheet. These sheets were a source of protection and I feel it exploits a sense of nationalism as well. The community as a whole worked together in order to make sure all the light in their society was turned off. Nationalism is brought up many times in our textbook startin g with the growth of corporate businesses, to the acts of citizens during all three wars. Finally, came the last and second largest room. In this room I found my two remaining artifacts. This part of the exhibit displayed both men and women’s role during the war. It included stories from women who were living at home, while their men were at war. It provided the perspective of what it was like to be a women or even young mother in La Jolla in the 1940’s. Alongside of the roles played living on the home front, it also displayed the new roles women took inside the war itself. â€Å"World War II brought an end to the military as an exclusive male enclave that women entered only as nurses (pg.730).† At first the government discouraged women who wanted to perform some kind of military service. It soon became clear that the war was going to demand more than the government had expected. Women began to do technical jobs normally performed by men. One of the artifacts that I chose from this room was a nurse’s robe from the Red Cross. This robe was not just your typical plain robe but was covered in patches of each army man they had helped. I was barely able to even see any white apart of the original robe. I chose this artifact because it truly portrayed the crucial role women also played in the war. Our textbook gives us a brief overview from the changes of roles women played during the time of war, but the number of patches on this robe opened my eyes to how much more of an important factor these nurses played taking on a great amount of soldiers. The number of men these women helped were astounding, definitely portraying how import a women’s role was. On the other side of the room was a glassed display of a US Army Air force uniform from 1943-1945. It was considered to be the â€Å"Eisenhower jacket,† based on General Eisenhower. In the display were also a M1903 Springfield Rifle and a M1 Grand Rifle alongside what seemed to be a map. The other artifact that I chose from this room was a silk scar f. Now this long silk scarf had nothing to do with fashion, but proved to be a crucial navigation tool during the war. Allied pilots were issued with these scarves that had detailed maps of enemy territory printed on them. The silk scarves also denoted railroads, canals, roads, frontier, churches and lighthouses. Air Power Shrinks the Globe on page 743 of our textbook discusses the growth of airplanes over the period of time of war. â€Å"The Wellington flew 255 miles an hour and cruised as high as 12,000 feet, with a range of 2,200 miles, whereas the new B-29s could travel more than 350 miles an hour, at altitudes up to 30,000 feet, with a range of up to 5,000 miles. (Pg. 743)† At the time, this was a massive step in the evolution of aircrafts and aircrafts at war, but if we compare this to the type of technology we have in our airplanes it cannot compare. Many of us cannot find our ways around our own city without using our mobile devices to navigate us. These pilots were u sing maps printed on scarves to help direct them around! It is incredible. I believe that the site gave an exceptional insight of how life was like prior, during and after World War 11. Each room explained its story well by the display of artifacts, photographs and touching oral stories it presented. The facility was well outlined timeline which exposed a sequence of events. The exhibit related perfectly to the content of this class with all the information and artifacts it presented. Many of the things presented corresponded with what the book had to say about World War II, along with a lot of new material as well. Overall, I was very pleased to have been able to take a day off and visit the La Jolla Historical Society. I was able to learn a great deal of new material which contributed to a better understanding of what times were like during the war, not only as a nation but to the residents of La Jolla.

Education of Disabled Children

Education of Disabled Children Disability could be visible or invisible, temporary or permanent. The first major and systematic record of disabled persons in Pakistan is available from 1961 census. According to this record nearly 2 percent of the population suffered from all kinds of disabilities, particularly the children of age group 0-14 years after the initial crisis, many parents develop healthy and constructive attitude towards their handicapped children maximum population of Pakistan lives in rural areas so majority of the children are born and brought up there. The overall condition of our villages gives their life as start with multiple disadvantages. They suffer from illness caused by malnutrition and non-hygienic condition. The situation of handicapped children is far from satisfactory. The causes of this tragedy are poverty, ignorance, malnutrition, poor housing facilities, inadequate healthcare and environment act as a catalyst for infection. Good physical and mental growth can not be achieved in an e nvironment where there is poverty and misery, food and shelter is inadequate and health services are either lacking or extremely inadequate. The adverse social, economic and environmental conditions can be considered responsible for the poor intellectual performance of many children, who in more favorable environment could develop abilities within a spectrum. (David, 1978) Education of the disabled children was considered as useless exercise. The assumption was in past that a disable person could never become an integral member of the society. Persons with professional expertise to teach disabled children were not available and there was no infrastructure to support the education, training and rehabilitation of special children. The time has changed and the education of disable has started with a focus. A gradual realization has emerged that the education of a disable child is as important as the education of an able bodied main stream child. (Ali, 2003). One-quarter of the teachers believed that they had sufficient classroom time for inclusion efforts, that they were currently prepared to teach students with disabilities, or that they would receive sufficient training for inclusion efforts. These findings were interpreted as support for the assumption that teachers viewed students with disabilities in the context of the reality of the general education classroom rather than as support for the prevailing attitudes about integration. General education teachers thus demonstrated certain reluctance about inclusion that must be addressed if such a policy change was to be successful (Welch, 1989). The emphasis on special education as a place deflected attention away from the fact that special education was a more comprehensive process whose actual dynamics were major contributors to its success or failure A significant part of the special education process was represented in the beliefs and actions of general education. An integrated system means that special education cannot act independently as a separate system, but must formulate policy in response to the attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors of general education (Gallagher, 1994). Consideration for the needs of students of special school is the most central aspect of special education. It not only help teachers to plan, devise and implement modified curriculum but also guide them to create congenial classroom environment, set individual educational plans, arrange suitable educational resources, adopt effective teaching strategies, and select appropriate evaluation methods to improve the learning out comes of special children. Parents themselves take their disable child to special school where the school staff access their needs without following any standardized method for assessing the level of childs disability. Consequently, a very little detail about the special educational needs of the assessed child is available which is not sufficient for teachers to devise effective educational plans and arrange appropriate resources for such children (Coenen et al 2006). The issues concerning education of handicapped children and sociological view are globally highlighted by social scientist. The complexity in the nature of problems has further demanded prudent efforts especially in traditional societies of developing countries. Dera Ghazi Khan remained remote and deprived district of Punjab in terms of resource allocation yet the existence and sustainability of special education centers will determine the socio economic status of handicapped children. The evaluation of centers will help in determining the needs and problems of these helpless population strata. In this regard the present study will be contributing a substantial part in improving the efficiency of services provided to handicapped children. Mext (2002) explored that education system for children with special needs was shifting to special support education at the beginning of the 21st century. Ministry of education, culture, sports, science and technology mentioned that the special support education is a primary catalyst for the progress toward an equal opportunity society for all children including individuals with disabilities. The main principle of special support education is meeting individual needs of each child. A lifelong support system shall be developed through co-operation among every sector in society to promote childrens autonomy and participation in all societies. Ali (2003) studied the maturity of special education system in historical perspective and the nature and put some measures for its improvement. In her study she designed various instruments and conducted interviews of the special educators, support professionals, parents of special children and special persons. She found that the parent involvement in the education of special children is at minimal. A part from this she also concluded that majority of parents of special children of all categories and special persons are not completely contented with the education being given to their children. She also concluded that the role of non-government organizations (NGOs) was very large in the improvement of special education in Pakistan. Alam et al (2005) studied the behavior of parents towards physically handicapped children in Islamabad city by interviewing method. They found that a major proportion of the respondents had intermediate to graduation levels of education. About 30% of the respondents children suffered from deaf and dump and blind. Majority of the respondents said that their children were physical handicapped since birth. Kitcher et al (2005) studied that behavioral disorders were not only very distressing to multiply handicapped patients and their families but also had a negative impact on their learning at school or other facility, peer relationships and social competence, so more attention should be paid to diagnose (detect and classify) and aggressively treat behavioral disorders by pharmacological, educational and environmental interventions. Kazimi (2007) reported that in Pakistan, three systems of Education at present operate 1. Normal schools 2.Special Education Schools and 3. Inclusive Schools. In the last named special students of only the lower classes were accommodated. She argued that problems associated with working environment in Pakistan were wide ranging and have very severe effect on the personality of the person, especially when working with children in special setting or in inclusive settings with mental retardation or physical impairment. Further more, Teachers very often feel stress due to professional demands and ambiguous job description, parental pressure, non-supportive behavior and lack of student motivation. Similarly, Teachers working in mainstream inclusive education setting feel less stress. Molnara et al (2008) reported the education of the forthcoming generation was always a difficult task and this was particularly true for those educational institutes where students requiring special treatment were educated. These students were often educationally challenged, mentally challenged or multi-challenged. They present an international co-operation lasting for three years whose prime goal was to construct non-language-dependent software for handicapped children. They introduce the institutions taking part in the development, the process of the programs creation, the steps to apply the program and the possibilities and methods of improvement. Rao (2008) studied the persons with disabilities enjoyed co-existence, though at special times, the behavior and attitudes were at variant. An intellectual disability poses greater challenges than the other types. The families of persons with intellectual disabilities did also have needs different from others, which cannot be segregated from the needs of children with intellectual disability. The National establishment for the Mentally Handicapped had developed many service models and contributed headed for human resource development and research. National Policy has also measured as vital progress of human resources for providing education to all children with disabilities in the common education stream. Many milestones have been left behind in the path, major achievements have been made and opportunities have been formed for the disabled. Fletcher (2009) studied the students with a classmate with serious emotional problem incident reductions in first-grade test scores particularly students in low-income schools and within schools using school-level fixed effects condition was qualitatively parallel. The importance of the decline in mathematics achievement was approximately 30-60 percent of the size of the adjusted black-white achievement gap. Since nearly 10 percent of the student population has a classmate with a serious emotional problem, the total effect on test scores of the procedure of including these students is potentially quite large. Nabeel (2009) stated that Department of special education Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) through distance learning system offers study/training at graduate, masters and Ph. D. levels. Teachers were equipped in 6 specialized areas of visual mutilation, physical disabilities, hearing impairment, intellectual disability, learning disability and inclusive education. Each student is assigned to a teacher who is a subject specialist. The special teacher training model through distance education method is highlighted. Pasha (2009) assessed that no standardized method is being used for special education. In Pakistan International Classification of Functioning has emerged as a standardized method for measuring health and disability at both individual and population a level. He explored the scope of ICF in the field of special education and has established links between ICF categories and curriculum areas, classroom activities and learning objectives for improving the quality of education. Further research has been recommended to find solutions to overcome the initial problems in adapting ICF framework in the field of Special Education in Pakistan.

Survival Of The Fittest Philosophy Essay

Survival Of The Fittest Philosophy Essay In the current essay we will review the survival of the fitters, different issues and theories connected with it. Survival of the Fittest is the aphorism, introduced by Herbert Spencer and Darwin said in Origin of Species (1859) as the main factor of the theory of natural selection.  This theory states:  (A) reproduction in any species implies a certain degree of natural variations in results;  (B) Any change that increases the survival ability of some members of the species with respect to the other, deprived of such changes could positively selected for reproduction capabilities;  (C) the millennia, this process led to the development of complex organisms from simple and to the great diversification of the small number of initial organisms.  The concept of survival of the fittest in sociology has described a few cases of apparent consumption, except for Social Darwinism.   The chapter on natural selection overrides Darwin from that point on is: Natural Selection, or The Survival of the Fittest.  Darwin was forced to take this step, since his work On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection directly exposed to allegations of massive appearance was in 1859, with the term Natural Selection is personified nature, as described in Charles Darwin Quotes: Scientific Theory.  The decisive argument for the expanded terminology provided then Darwins supporters Alfred Russel Wallace, who wrote to Darwin, the term Natural Selection, which is actually a metaphorical expression for Herbert Spencers Survival of the Fittest.  Natural Selection is therefore inappropriate, as in the evolution is not so much a beneficiary selection, rather than an elimination of unfavorable individuals occur.  Darwin agreed with this criticism and took over the term.   Fit or fitness describes in Darwins sense of the level of adaptation to the environment (the adaptive specialization), or the reproductive capacity despite low specialization, and not the physical strength and ability in terms of direct competitive displacement with the use of force.  That is not the kind of live that defies all repressed and other species, but one which adapts to either the environment or manages to proliferate continuously in spite of adverse environmental conditions.  On the criticality, the ambiguity and the potential for abuse of Spencers terminology even in the original English language -. Darwin and Thomas Henry Huxley associate at an early stage of the discussion have indicated.  Evolutionary biologists today avoid the term because its current idea of evolution does not adequately describe it.  First, it suggests continuity in the evolution toward ever greater fitness.  Todays species would then be fitter than extinct, which is not the case.  Sec ondly, it ignores the principle of sexual selection. Herbert Spencer coined the term Survival of the Fittest in 1864 in his Principles of Biology and brought him to the debate about Darwins book on the origin of species:   If   Individuals of a species   necessary in countless directions and degrees differ, must   then have to be always less exposed than some other of the risk among all individuals and that their balance by a special force acting   would be completely destroyed.  Ã‚  The inevitable result will be that those individuals whose functions differ most from the equilibrium with the modified aggregate external forces must be destroyed, while the other hand, will live those who are their functions closest to the equilibrium with the modified sets of external forces near. This survival of the fittest   is the same as what Mr. Darwin understood as natural selection. Sometimes, represented in the history of science literature view, Spencer had coined the Survival of the Fittest already in 1851 in his Social Statics or 1852 in his Theory of population, which is not correct in this form, as stated by Charles Darwin.  Spencer took the concept here but not the term for the Survival of t he Fittest in a political-sociological sense.  The term Survival of the Fittest, he brought only in 1864 as described above in the Principles of Biology in the debate over Darwins Origin of Species, as described in Charles Darwins The Origin of Species. Generally speaking, fittest in the fittest is the inventor of the Spencer coined as a result of this struggle for the survival of individuals, in Darwins natural selection theory is naturally defined for each individual   the focus on being adaptable.  You can directly observe the individual organism for which natural selection acts, whether a significant impact on survival is certainly lucky. The survival of the fittest takes place thousands of years is a period of tens of thousands of years, a generational change in mean thousands are expected.   Creationists such as the objections to evolution is a survivor of the fittest, the fittest survive, say the claim cycle theory (or a tautology, tautology), and science are not to argue.  However, this expression is a metaphor for a brief description of the mechanism, the theory does not prove anything.  Biologists generally not use this expression, called natural selection.  And natural selection is supported by the fact that the observed field work and experiments.   The idea that species can change under the action of selection, different scholars have repeatedly expressed since ancient times, including some English writers beginning of the XIX century.  However, widespread acceptance of the concept of natural selection was once in 1858 by British scientist Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace presented in his articles published in the same issue of the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London.  Zoology, the idea that wildlife is a mechanism, similar to artificial selection, and especially after the publication in 1859 of Darwins Origin of Species.  Sense of their idea is that the emergence of successful creation of nature is not necessarily to understand and analyze the situation and can act at random.  It is enough to create a wide variety of animals and, ultimately, the fittest will survive. Currently, some naive views of Darwin himself turned out to be partially redesigned.Thus, Darwin imagined that the change should happen very smoothly, and the range of variation is continuous, as described in Darwins Theory Of Evolution.  Today, however, the mechanisms of natural selection are explained by genetics, makes for some originality in this sense.  Mutations in the genes that operate at the first stage of the process described above, are discrete changes in the genotype.  Clearly, however, that the basic meaning of Darwins ideas remained unchanged.   There are different classifications of forms of selection.  Widely is used classification that is based on the nature of the effect of forms of selection on the variability of the trait in the population.  Driving the selection a form of natural selection, which operates in the directed change of environmental conditions, as described by Darwin and Wallace.  In this case, individuals with symptoms that are deflected in a direction from the average, receive benefits.  In this case, different variations of feature (its deviation in the opposite direction from the mean) are subjected to negative selection.  As a result, in a population from generation to generation, a shift of the average character in a certain direction.  The pressure driving the selection must meet the adaptive capabilities of the population and the rate of mutational change (otherwise the pressure of the environment can lead to extinction).   Stabilizing selection a form of natural selection, in which his action is directed against individuals with extreme deviations from the average, in favor of individuals with an average severity of the trait.  There are described many examples of stabilizing selection in nature.  For example, at first glance it seems that the greatest contribution to the gene pool of the next generation must make the individuals with the highest fertility.  However, observations of natural populations of birds and mammals show that it is not that way.  Selection in favor of mean values was found in a variety of symptoms.  In mammals, newborns with very low and very high weight more likely to die at birth or during the first weeks of life than babies of average weight, as described in Darwins Quotes: Not Survival of the Fittest?   Disruptive (tearing) selection is a form of natural selection, where conditions are conducive to two or more extreme options (directions) of variation, but not conducive to an intermediate, average trait.  As a result, you may receive several new forms from a single source.  Darwin described the action of disruptive selection, considering that it lies at the heart of the divergence, though he could not give evidence of its existence in nature.  Disruptive selection contributes to the emergence and maintenance of polymorphism in populations, and in some cases can cause speciation.   One of the possible situations in nature, which comes into effect disruptive selection is when the polymorphic population is heterogeneous habitat.  The different forms are adapted to different ecological niches or subnishes.   Survival of organisms is important, but not the only component of natural selection exists. Another important component is attractive to individuals of the opposite sex.  Darwin called this phenomenon of sexual selection:  This form of selection is determined not by the struggle for existence in the relations of organic beings to each other or with external conditions, but the rivalry between individuals of one sex, usually males, for the possession of individuals of the opposite sex.  Sexual selection is a natural selection for success in breeding.  Features that reduce the viability of their carriers, may occur and spread, if the benefits that they provide a breeding success is much higher than their weaknesses to survive.  It was suggested that there are two main hypotheses about the mechanisms of sexual selection.  According to the hypothesis of good genes and female reasons as follows: If the male, despite its bright plumage and long tail, somehow managed not to die at the hands of predators and survive to sexual maturity, then, consequently, he has good  genes, which allowed him to do it. Hence, he should be chosen as a father to his children: he will give them his good genes.  Choosing bright males, females choose good genes for their offspring, as described by Michael Heeney. According to the hypothesis of attractive sons, the logic of the choice of females is somewhat different.  If males are bright, for whatever reasons, they are attractive to females, you should choose a bright future for your sons, because sons will inherit the genes of bright colors and will be attractive to females in the next generation.  Thus, a positive feedback loop that leads to the fact that generation after generation of bright plumage of males is increasingly growing.  The process goes on increasing until it reaches the limit of viability.  In the choice of mating females is no more and no less logical than the rest of their behavior.  When the animal feels thirsty, it is not a reason for him to drink water in order to restore fluid and electrolyte balance in the body he is going to drink because he feels thirsty.  Likewise, the females choose bright males, they follow their instincts they like the bright tails.  All those who instinct other behavior, all the y have left no progeny.  Thus, we have not discussed the logic of the females, and the logic of the struggle for existence and natural selection is a blind and automatic process, which, acting continuously from generation to generation, and formed all the amazing variety of shapes, colors and instincts, which we observe in the world of wildlife  .   Positive selection a form of natural selection.  Its effect is the opposite of truncation selection.  Positive selection increases the number of individuals in the population, with useful features that increase the viability of the species as a whole.  Truncation selection is a form of natural selection.  Its effect is the opposite of positive selection.  Truncation selection is discarded from the population, the vast majority of individuals carrying signs, dramatically reduce the viability under these environmental conditions.   Survival of the fittest is in terms of species and populations, such as species having gills in the water, because fit can win the fight for survival.  There are survival bodied organisms, survival of the physically strongest of organisms as physical struggle for resources is an integral part of life.  Survival of the most sexually successful organisms happens because sexual reproduction is the dominant mode of reproduction.  In this case, it takes sexual selection.  However, all these cases are private, but mostly remains successful preservation time.  So sometimes these areas are violated for the sake of following the main goal, as stated in Survival of the fittest.   Charles Darwin believed that natural selection is a fundamental factor in the evolution of life.  Accumulation in the late XIX early XX century, information on genetics, in particular the discovery of the discrete nature of the inheritance of phenotypic traits, prompted many researchers to revise the thesis of Darwin: as critical factors of evolution were considered mutation genotype.  On the other hand, the discovery of the known correlations among the traits of related species led to the formulation of hypotheses about the evolution on the basis of laws and not random variability.  Discussion of the role of various factors in the evolution continues today, and evolutionary biology came to the need for his next, the third synthesis.  As a dact, Darwin long hesitated to publish his theory, as seen the problem of ants, which can be explained only in terms of genetics, as stated in Survival of the fittest. Survival of the fittest is the main driving force of evolution of living organisms.  Thinking about the existence of natural selection came independently and almost simultaneously to several English naturalists: V. Wells (1813), P. Mathews (1831), E. Blythe (1835, 1837), A. Wallace (1858), Darwin (1858, 1859), but only Darwin was able to discover the significance of this phenomenon as the main factor of evolution and created the theory of natural selection.  Unlike human- artificial selection, natural selection is due to effects on organisms of the environment. According to Darwin, natural selection is the experience of the fittest organisms, which resulted on the basis of uncertain genetic variation in the number of generations takes evolution.   In general, we can say that natural selection is daily and hourly throughout the world investigating minute changes, rejecting the bad, preserving and pondered them good, working silently and invisibly, wherever and whenever they are neither presented in this case, on the improvement of each organic being  in connection with the conditions of his life, organic and inorganic.  Man does not see these slowly make changes in their movement forward and time to just ignore diversity of contemporary forms of life once existed.   Although natural selection can only operate for the benefit of the organism and the only effect of this benefit, however the signs and structures, which seem to be quite insignificant, may enter into the terms of the selection process.  When the insects that feed on leaves, green, and eating the bark spotty gray, alpine ptarmigan white in winter, and the red grouse is painted the color of heather, we must assume that these stains are beneficial to these birds and insects, protecting them from danger. Considering these differences between species that seem insignificant, one must not forget that they are directly influenced by climate, food, etc. Also, the force of law correlations should be noted that when one part varies and changes accumulate by natural selection, there are other changes,  often the most unexpected properties, as described in Survival of the fittest.   If the changes that occur under domestication, in a certain period of life, tend to occur in the offspring in the same period even in the natural state, natural selection will act on the organisms and modify them at any age through favorable changes in this age group and by their inheritance in the corresponding  same age.  Natural selection may modify and adapt the larva of an insect to numerous conditions, quite different from those in which the adult insect lives, and these changes in the force of law correlations may impact on the adult form.  Similarly, and vice versa: changes in adult insects may affect the structure of the larvae, but in any case, natural selection will ensure their safety, because otherwise having them exposed to the extinction of species.  Natural selection changes the structure of relatively young parents and parents that are relatively young.  In social animals, it adapts the structure of each individual to the needs of the community, if only to make the community benefit from this change in the selection of exposed individuals.   In order to clarify the action of natural selection, it is sufficient to provide one or two imaginary examples.  Let us consider the example of the wolf, feeding on different animals and one beset by force, and other tricks, the third-speed, imagine that the fastest prey, deer, for example, have increased in number by which any changes that have occurred in the area, or whether another production decreased  in particular, just at the time of year when wolves suffer the most from lack of food.  In such circumstances, the fastest and lean wolves will have a better chance to survive and, thus, remain or be selected.  You can give another more complicated example, illustrating the mode of action of natural selection.  Insects in search of nectar and pollen will crumble very often will move her from flower to flower.  So by going to cross between the flowers, belonging to two different individuals, and this process will give rise to cross over the mighty seedlings, consequentl y will have the best chance for prosperity and survival.  Plants that produce flowers with the nectaries, select the largest amount of nectar, insects will visit more often and more frequently subjected to cross-breeding and, eventually, will overcome their rivals, and form a local variety. One can imagine another case: insects visiting the flowers to collect nectar is not, and pollen, and as pollen is used exclusively for fertilization, then its destruction should be, it would seem to bring only damage to the plant, however, if a little pollen, first accidentally and then permanently tolerated eating insects pollen from flower to flower, and this would be achieved by cross-breeding, at least nine-tenths of the pollen being destroyed, this kind of robbery would be quite beneficial to plants, and individuals that produce more and more pollen  and fitted with larger anthers, would be subjected to selection.  Thus, the examples can be seen in the fact that natural selection opera tes only through the preservation and accumulation of small inherited modifications, each of which is advantageous for saving the creatures.   Much of the variability, of course, and individual differences are likely to be a favorable circumstance.  A large number of individuals are increasing the chances of a given period of useful changes, can compensate for a lesser degree of variation in individual animal and it is an important element of success.  Hybridization plays an important role in nature, as it supports uniformity and consistency traits in individuals of the same species or same species.   Length of time in itself does not promote or impede natural selection.  The length of time is important, as it increases the chances of favorable changes in their selection, accumulation and retention.   Extinction is caused by natural selection.  This issue should be mentioned because of its close connection with natural selection.  Natural selection acts only through the changes, in some sense useful, and therefore root.  Because of the rapid increase in the number of all organic beings exponentially, each area is already filled to the limit of the inhabitants, and from this it follows that, as the favored form will increase in number, the less favorable treatment will usually decrease in numbers and become rare.  The rarity of forms is a forerunner of extinction.  Any form submitted by a small number of individuals has a better chance at the final extinction, due to a significant climatic fluctuations during the year or due to a temporary increase in the number of its enemies.  Species, most wealthy individuals, have the greatest chance for the appearance at any given period of favorable changes.  Hence, rare species at any given time will change and evolve more slo wly and therefore will be defeated in the battle of life change and improve the descendants of the more common species.  From this it follows that, since over time the activities of natural selection, the formation of new species, while others have become increasingly rare, finally disappear.   Sometimes it is difficult to explain the peoples behavior, as people hurt one another, which, for example, you will never see among animals. You dont see wild animals killing animals of the same species, yet people do it all the time. Often people behave in a strange way, and the laws of animal kingdom do not apply. Also, prisoners and people on life support can be compared, as the examples of the consequences of the survival of the fittest. Nature has its laws and sometimes people can not control them. True that people have discovered many types of medicine that help people to survive and often save lives. The survival of the fittest can now be controlled in some way. Nature has its rhythm and whatever people do does not change a lot in the world, as nature is more powerful than we think. Some people survive, some people die, but the tendency is that the number of people is constantly growing. However, some people believe that the laws of nature determine everything. It can be said that the Earth is a living organism and people can not interfere in its life. Some people and philosophers even think that people do not have to cure each other, as there is the survival of the fittest that determines everything.

D-day :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pg. 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1942 General Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander, had warned Germany to, â€Å"Beware the fury of an aroused democracy.† On D-Day, June 6, 1944, the Allies mounted the largest amphibious assault in history and redeemed Eisenhower’s warning. The invasion force consisted of more than 5,000 ships, 1,200 warships and 13,000 airplanes. Some 90,000 U.S., British, Canadian, and free French troops landed on the beaches of Normandy while about 20,000 more came by parachute or glider. The Invasion had been in preparation for a year. Over 55,000 brave American soldiers stormed the beaches of Normandy, an appalling 2,700 Americans had took their last steps of life defending their country, their world, and everything they stood for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  D-Day, planned by the Russians, Americans, and British insisted that the United States help with the advancement on France (Atlantic front). British and Canadian forces would also combine in the cross-channel invasion. Simultaneously in Eastern Europe (eastern front) the Soviets would battle while the Americans, the British, and the Canadian forces would attack a stretch of beaches along the French coast. The U.S. would attack a part of Normandy code named Omaha and Utah beaches. These were two code names for these particular sectors of the invasion front.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Buildup   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Around a year before D-Day, Hitler had gained and occupied Western Europe and parts of Russia during it’s blitzkrieg crusade throughout 1939-41. Adolf Hitler, the Nazi leader of Germany, had also acquired control of the North African coast. Without intervention from the Western Allies, Hitler would reign Europe for years to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Subsequently while Russians were engaged in the war, Joseph Stalin, the Soviet leader, had wanted the Allies to join and proceed to make a â€Å"second front† along Western Europe. In 1942 this idea was virtually impossible for the United States because we were still forming an army. The materials needed to have such an invasion were not yet built to cross the English Channel. Meanwhile in the1940’s campaign, when the British were battling in Dunkirk, France, the British had to withdraw forces from being massacred by Hitler’s army. During this confrontation Hitler had declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941 just after Pearl Harbor was bombed by the Japanese military forces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roosevelt first stated that â€Å"Germany is priority first.† This was agreed in Argentia, Newfoundland in August of 1941. Eisenhower, U.S. general, proposed an attack in 1943 named (Operation â€Å"Roundup†) and another called (Operation â€Å"Sledgehammer†), these would be used in the event of the Soviets collapsing or the weakening of Germany. Both plans were presented in London, England and Roundup

The Economics Behind Climatic Change and Weather Predictions Essay

Weather forecasting can be defined in so many ways; one of such ways is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location.† Although the concept of weather forecasting seems exciting weather forecasters are taken for granted; people fail to realize that they have so much to contribute to the economy. ‘’Is it possible by any means to make weather predictions beyond one or two weeks’’. According to Matthew E. Kahn it has been proven, atmospheric scientists reports of long range climate forecast that are among the best that they have ever had, been able to predict climate for up to six months in advance. Long-range forecasts are usually for a period greater than seven days in advance but there are no absolute limits to the time. While short-range forecast is a weather forecast made for a time period up to 48 hours. The long range forecasts still have their limitations despite its importance with the use of modern technology and improved techniques to predict the weather. For example, weather forecasts for today or tomorrow are likely to be more accurate than predictions about the weather two weeks from now. People seem to have a need to know what's going to happen farther in the future than the next few days. So some atmospheric scientists have developed diverse ways to give generalized outlooks of what to expect farther ahead. But, these outlooks are different in several ways from regular daily forecasts. Outlooks for the weather in the months ahead do not attempt to firmly say that places will be warm or cold, wet or day. Instead, the outlooks are in terms of how the odds of a place been hot or cold will be shifted. Finally i... ... Works Cited Craft, Erik. "Economic History of Weather Forecasting" .EH.Net,Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. October 6, 2001. URL http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/craft.weather.forcasting.history Assessed, 10/21/2011 J.D .Selman and C. Dennis Campden â€Å"seasonal weather forecasting and the requirement of the food supply chain† http://www.slideshare.net/Bobtb/seasonal-weather-forecasting-and-the-requirements-for-the assessed 10/21/2011 â€Å"Accuracy of weather forecast in time.† http://www.timeanddate.com/weather/forecast-accuracy-time.html William Jack, â€Å"long range forecast have limitation† Weather, May 19, 2005 http://www.usatoday.com/weather/woutwhat.htm Assessed, 11/04/2011. The Economics Behind Climatic Change and Weather Predictions Essay Weather forecasting can be defined in so many ways; one of such ways is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location.† Although the concept of weather forecasting seems exciting weather forecasters are taken for granted; people fail to realize that they have so much to contribute to the economy. ‘’Is it possible by any means to make weather predictions beyond one or two weeks’’. According to Matthew E. Kahn it has been proven, atmospheric scientists reports of long range climate forecast that are among the best that they have ever had, been able to predict climate for up to six months in advance. Long-range forecasts are usually for a period greater than seven days in advance but there are no absolute limits to the time. While short-range forecast is a weather forecast made for a time period up to 48 hours. The long range forecasts still have their limitations despite its importance with the use of modern technology and improved techniques to predict the weather. For example, weather forecasts for today or tomorrow are likely to be more accurate than predictions about the weather two weeks from now. People seem to have a need to know what's going to happen farther in the future than the next few days. So some atmospheric scientists have developed diverse ways to give generalized outlooks of what to expect farther ahead. But, these outlooks are different in several ways from regular daily forecasts. Outlooks for the weather in the months ahead do not attempt to firmly say that places will be warm or cold, wet or day. Instead, the outlooks are in terms of how the odds of a place been hot or cold will be shifted. Finally i... ... Works Cited Craft, Erik. "Economic History of Weather Forecasting" .EH.Net,Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. October 6, 2001. URL http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/craft.weather.forcasting.history Assessed, 10/21/2011 J.D .Selman and C. Dennis Campden â€Å"seasonal weather forecasting and the requirement of the food supply chain† http://www.slideshare.net/Bobtb/seasonal-weather-forecasting-and-the-requirements-for-the assessed 10/21/2011 â€Å"Accuracy of weather forecast in time.† http://www.timeanddate.com/weather/forecast-accuracy-time.html William Jack, â€Å"long range forecast have limitation† Weather, May 19, 2005 http://www.usatoday.com/weather/woutwhat.htm Assessed, 11/04/2011.

English Personal Recount Essay

One of my most recent memories is the authentic experience at the mall with three of my friends, Eunice, Wing Kit and Cheng Ye. We went there to buy a gift for Cheng Ye’s cousin, Claire, from abroad, whom he has not met in a long time. She is aged 14 years old, her favourite foods are ice- cream and sushi, and her hobbies are sleeping, swimming, cycling, running, and listening to music. She is also more of a sporty and hardworking person. She likes playing on her phone, the colour PINK, using social media such as whatsapp, facebook to socialize. She dislikes computer games and the colour blue. Cheng Ye has not seen Claire in quite a while, and Claire has not visited Singapore in ages, we have decided to get Claire a gift to welcome her. Thus we decided to go to Tampines Mall as there is a wide variety of shops there. Our budget is $50. When we reached Tampines mall, it was very packed with shoppers, were lugging huge shopping bags. The mall was filled with the noisy sound of people chattering and laughing. It was so noisy that I had to shout and strain my voice to talk to Eunice, who was just right beside me. Salespersons were announcing the various offers they were having. The smell of curry chicken entered my nostrils as I while gazed at the patrons savouring the mouth-watering curry chicken, causing my mouth to drool as we walked past the restaurant. Finally, after browsing through many electronic stores, we decided upon an pink shiny earpiece from Courts that costs $20. We chose the product based on her preferences as she liked pink and shiny objects and also because it had a reasonable price and was within our budget. After buying the earpiece, we were left with $30. Thus we decided to get her another gift based on her hobby of sports. We wanted it to be within our  budget of $30, the colour pink and it to be useful and long-lasting. Eventually, we headed down to the ‘ Royal Sporting House’ and chose a pair of pink as it would be useful to her as swimming was her favourite hobby which she did pretty often. Thus, she would be able to use it often as well. In conclusion, this experience of going to Tampines Mall on 29 March 2014, was a wonderful experience.We had a lot of considerations at first, such as her personality,likes & dislikes, the budget for the gift and what gift would she really wanted. However, all of us worked together, communicated effectively and overcame the challenges. So, eventually we decided on the gift. I also think that this experience was an educational and enriching one, as we learnt how to decide on things in a group without having any conflicts and how to take things into considerations before making a final decision. In conclusion to this, this experience was a fun, educational and enriching experience.

Grammar Test

Tenses 1) I’m busy at the moment. ~ on the computer. a) I work b) I’m work c) I’m working d) I working 2) My friend ~ the answer to the question. a) is know b) know c) knowing d) knows 3) I think I’ll buy these shoes. ~ really well. a) They fit b) They have fit c) They’re fitting d)  They were fitting 4) Where ~ the car? a) did you park b) did you parked c) parked you d) you parked 5) At nine o’clock yesterday morning we ~ for the bus. a) wait b) waiting c) was waiting d) were waiting 6) When I looked round the door, the baby ~ quietly. a) is sleeping b) slept c) was sleeping d) were sleeping 7) Here’s my report. it at last. a) I finish b) I finished c) I’m finished d) I’ve finished 8) I’ve ~ made some coffee. It’s in the kitchen. a) ever b) just c) never d) yet 9) We ~ to Ireland for our holidays last year. a) goes b) going c) have gone d) went 10) Robert ~ ill for three weeks. He’s still in hospit al. a) had been b) has been c) is d) was 11) My arms are aching now because ~ since two o’clock. a) I’m swimming b) I swam c) I swim d) I’ve been swimming 12) I’m very tired. ~ over four hundred miles today. a) I drive b) I’m driving c) I had been driving d)  I’ve driven 13) When Martin ~ the car, he took it out for a drive. ) had repaired b) has repaired c) repaired d) was repairing 14) Janet was out of breath because ~ a) she’d been running b) she did run c) she’s been running d) she’s run 15) Don’t worry. I ~ be here to help you. a) not b) will c) willn’t d) won’t 16) Our friends ~ meet us at the airport tonight. a) are b) are going to c) go to d) will be to 17) ~ a party next Saturday. We’ve sent out the invitations. a) We had b) We have c) We’ll have d) We’re having 18) I’ll tell Anna all the news when ~ her. a) I’ll see b) I’m going to see c) I see d) I shall see 19) At this time tomorrow ~ over the Atlantic. ) we flying b) we’ll be flying c) we’ll fly d) we to fly 20) Where’s Robert? ~ a shower? a) Does he have b) Has he c) Has he got d) Is he having 21) I ~ like that coat. It’s really nice. a) am b) do c) very d) yes Questions, negatives and answers 22) What’s the weather like in Canada? How often ~ there? a) does it snow b) does it snows c) snow it d)  snows it 23) Which team ~ the game? a) did it win b) did they win c) won d) won it 24) What did you leave the meeting early ~? – I didn’t feel very well. a) away b) because c) for d) like 25) Unfortunately the driver ~ the red light. ) didn’t saw b) didn’t see c) no saw d) saw not 26) You haven’t eaten your pudding. ~ it? a) Are you no want b) Do you no want c) Don’t want you d) Don’t you want 27) I really enjoyed the disco. It was great, ~? a) is it b) isn’t it c) was it d) wasnâ€℠¢t it 28) Are we going the right way? – I think ~. a) indeed b) it c) so d) yes Modal verbs 29) The chemist’s was open, so luckily I ~ buy some aspirin. a) can b) can’t c) did can d) was able to 30) Susan has to work very hard. I ~ do her job, I’m sure. a) can’t b) couldn’t c) don’t d) shouldn’t 31) We had a party last night. ~ spend all morning clearing up the mess. ) I must have b) I’ve been to c) I’ve had to d)  I’ve must 32) There was no one else at the box office. I ~ in a queue. a) didn’t need to wait b) mustn’t wait c) needn’t have waited d) needn’t wait 33) ~ I carry that bag for you? – Oh, thank you. a) Do b) Should c) Will d) Would 34) I’ve lost the key. I ought ~ it in a safe place. a) that I put b) to be putting c) to have put d) to putting Passive 35) We can’t go along here because the road is ~. a) been repaired b) being repaired c) repair d)à ‚  repaired 36) The story I’ve just read ~ Agatha Christie. a) was written b) was written by ) was written from d) wrote 37) Some film stars ~ be difficult to work with. a) are said b) are said to c) say d) say to 38) I’m going to go out and ~. a) have cut my hair b) have my hair cut c) let my hair cut d) my hair be cut Infinitive and Gerund 39) The driver was arrested for failing ~ an accident. a) of report b) report c) reporting d) to report 40) Someone suggested ~ for a walk. a) go b) going c) of going d) to go 41) I can remember ~ voices in the middle of the night. a) hear b) heard c) hearing d) to hear 42) The police wants ~ anything suspicious. a) that we report b) us reporting ) us to report d) we report 43) We weren’t sure ~ or just walk in. a) should knock b) to knock c) whether knock d) whether to knock 44) It was too cold ~ outside. a) for the guests eating b) for the guests to eat c) that the guests should eat d) that the guests eat 45) Did you congr atulate Tessa ~ her exam? a) of passing b) on passing c) passing d) to pass 46) I didn’t like it in the city at first. But now ~ here. a) I got used to live b) I’m used to living c) I used to live d) I used to living 47) They raised the money simply ~ for it. It was easy. a) asking b) by asking c) of asking d)  with asking 8) As we walked past, we saw Nigel ~ his car. a) in washing b) to wash c) wash d)  washing Nouns and articles 49) I need to buy ~. a) a bread b) a loaf bread c) a loaf of bread d) breads 50) My father is not only the town mayor, he runs ~ too. a) a business b) a piece of business c)  business d) some business 51) The ~ produced at our factory in Scotland. a) good are b) good is c) goods are d)  goods is 52) I’m looking for ~ to cut this string. a) a pair scissors b) a scissor c) a scissors d)  some scissors 53) I was watching TV at home when suddenly ~ rang. a) a doorbell b) an doorbell c) doorbell ) the doorbell 54) I’ve alwa ys liked ~. a) Chinese food b) food of China c) some food of China d) the Chinese food 55) In England most children go ~ at the age of five. a) school b) to school c) to some schools d) to the school 56) We haven’t had a holiday for ~ time. a) a so long b) so a long c) such a long d) such long 57) Our friends have a house in ~. a) a West London b) the West London c) West London d) West of London Miscellaneous 58) It’s so boring here. Nothing ever happens in ~ place. a) that b) these c) this d) those 59) Is that my key, or is it ~? a) the yours b) the your’s c) your d) yours 0) Adrian takes no interest in clothes. He’ll wear ~. a) a thing b) anything c) something d) thing 61) There’s ~ use in complaining. They probably won’t do anything about it. a) a few b) a little c) few d) little 62) I don’t want to buy any of these books. I’ve got ~. a) all b) all them c) everything d) them all Pronouns 63) Let’s stop and have a coff ee. ~ a cafe over there, look! a) Is b) It’s c) Them d) There’s 64) Everyone in the group shook hands with ~. a) each other b) one other c) one the other d) themselves 65) The washing-machine has broken down again. I think we should get ~. ) a new b) a new one c) new d) new one 66) All the guests were dancing. ~ having a good time. a) All were b) Every was c) Everyone was d) Someone were Adjectives and adverbs 67) The house was ~ building. a) a nice old stone b) a nice stone old c) a stone old nice d) an old nice stone 68) The government is doing nothing to help ~. a) poor b) the poor c) the poors d) the poor ones 69) The young man seems very ~. a) sensible b) sensiblely c) sensibley d) sensibly 70) I ~ missed the bus. I was only just in time to catch it. a) mostly b) near c) nearest d) nearly . 71) This detailed map is ~ the atlas. ) more useful as b) more useful than c) usefuller as d) usefuller than 72) This place gets ~ crowded with tourists every summer. a) always more b) crowded and more c) from more to more d) more and more 73) Yes, I have got the report. ~ it. a) I just am reading b) I’m just reading c) I’m reading just d) Just I’m reading 74) I’ve read this paragraph three times, and I ~ understand it. a) can’t still b) can’t yet c) still can’t d) yet can’t 75) Sorry, we regret what happened ~. a) a bit b) much c) very d) very much Prepositions 76) The village is ~ Sheffield. It’s only six miles away. ) along b) by c) near d) next 77) You can see the details ~ the computer screen. a) at b) by c) in d) on 78) I’ve got a meeting ~ Thursday afternoon. a) at b) in c) on d) to 79) We’ve lived in this flat ~ five years. a) ago b) already c) for d) since 80) This car is ~ if you’re interested in buying it. a) for sale b) in sale c) on sale d) to sell 81) Polly wants to cycle round the world. She’s really keen ~ the idea. a) about b) for c) on d) with 82) I prefer dogs ~ cats. I hate cats. a) from b) before c) than d) to 83) My father used the money he won to set ~ his own company. a) forward b) on c) out d) up 4) Don’t go too fast. I can’t keep ~ you. a) on to b) on with c) up to d) up with Reported speech 85) Someone ~ the tickets are free. a) said me b) said me that c) told me d) told to me 86) Last week Justin said â€Å"I’ll do it tomorrow. † He said he would do it ~. a) the following day b) the previous day c)  tomorrow d) yesterday 87) I don’t know why Nancy didn’t go to the meeting. She said she ~ definitely going. a) be b) is c) was d) would 88) The librarian asked us ~ so much noise. a) don’t make b) not make c) not making d) not to make Relative clauses 89) What’s the name of the man ~ gave us a lift? ) he b) what c) which d) who 90) What was that notice ~? a) at that you were looking b) you were looking at c) you were looking at it d) which you were looking 91) Sus an is the woman ~ husband is in hospital. a) her b) hers the c) whose d) whose the 92) York, ~ last year, is a nice old city. a) I visited b) that I visited c) which I visited d) whom I visited 93) The accident was seen by some people ~ at a bus stop. a) waited b) waiting c) were waiting d) who waiting Conditional sentences and wishes 94) If I ~ my passport, I’ll be in trouble. a) lose b) will lose c) lost d) would lose 95) I haven’t got a ticket.If ~ one, I could get in. a) I’d have b) I had c) I have d) I’ve got 96) If the bus to the airport hadn’t been so late, we ~ the plane. a) caught b) had caught c) would catch d) would have caught 97) If only people ~ keep sending me bills! a) don’t b) shouldn’t c) weren’t d) wouldn’t Linking words 98) I just had to take the dog out ~ of the awful weather. a) although b) despite c) even though d) in spite 99) Anna put the electric fire on ~ warm. a) for getting b) in order get c) so she gets d) to get 100) ~ I didn’t feel well, I went to school. a) Because b) Nevertheless c) And d) Although