Exploring the Effects of the West on The Ottoman Empire...

In the course of approximately four hundred years, Western European colonists and prominent historical figures were particularly known for exploiting and devastating distant cultures and civilizations around the world. This included groups ranging from the Aboriginals and the Aztecs in the remote â€Å"New World†, to groups in East Asia such as the Chinese and the Mughals. However, historians today debate whether or not these prevailing and prospering Western European nations were as successful at influencing the cultures of nearer empires such as the Ottoman Empire. It is questionable as to whether or not the Ottoman Empire should be compared to other cultures devastated through their interactions with the West, largely due to the Ottomans’†¦show more content†¦The Ottomans became involved in major alliances, particularly with France and other Protestant nations, in which they cooperated together to contest the Habsburg powers. However, as time progressed, the Ottoman Empire was generally unable to keep up with the Western European nations’ advancements and growing supremacy. Beginning in the mid sixteenth century and into the seventeenth century, the Western superpowers gradually began to economically surpass the Ottomans, causing many internal problems for the empire. The Ottomans had economically flourished over the span of many years due to revenue generated through the taxation of trade routes. They greatly profited as a result of European traders passing through Ottoman trade routes to access the spice and silk trade in Eastern Asia (Hooker). However, as the European superpowers expanded their frontiers, they began to discover and utilize new trade routes, successfully avoiding the Ottoman levy (Chambers). As the Europeans entered into the Industrial Revolution period, the Ottomans retained its antiquated labour practices, continuing to use foot-operated treadle reels and silk-twisting machines (Hooker). Cheap European manuf actured goods began to flow into the Ottoman Empire, which had a devastating effect on local Ottoman handicraft merchants and industries (Smitha). This also contributed to the Ottomans` diminished exports. As the Ottomans continued to purchase numerous goods from European nations,Show MoreRelatedWhy Did The Muslim World?1162 Words   |  5 PagesNetherlands started exploring for new lands and colonizing them. Driven for power, trade, or expansion, many European powers colonized the New World. Yet when looking at the Muslim contemporaries, the Ottoman, Persian and Mughal Empires did not set sail for new land like their Western counterparts. 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Approaches to Solve Email Spam Issues Essay Example

Essays on Approaches to Solve Email Spam Issues Essay The paper "Approaches to Solve Email Spam Issues" is a good example of an essay on information technology. Email spam also is known as unsolicited bulk email represents a subset of electronic spam, which involves sending similar messages to different recipients (Schneider, 2010). When the recipient clicks on the email links, they send him/her to the phishing websites that host the malware. There are basic features that characterize spams. These emails are sent from people not known and also in bulk. They are not only annoying but also dangerous to consumers. They are anonymous with the address and the identity of the sender concealed (Schneider and Schneider, 2011). To avoid the possibility of tracking these emails they are sent using an international IP address. The ultimate effect of the spam is the promotion of scam activities that make the users hand over sensitive personal or financial information to the sender (Schneider, 2010). The rising incidences of spams necessitate severa l measures to deal with the increasing issue of spams.As long as the sending of emails remains inexpensive, the benefits reaped by spammers will be huge making it an attractive enterprise (Quigley, 2008). The approaches used to require the passing of laws while other technical changes in the mail-handling systems. One way in which individuals can reduce spamming is by reducing the likelihood of the spammer generating and thus using their mails (Goodman, 2004). Individual anti-spam tactics entail generating emails that combine the first and the last name. It can also include combining the first letter of the name and the surname followed by a certain code (Brusilovsky, Kobsa and Nejdl, 2007). Complex email addresses are hard to crack and in the measures, individuals reduce the random generation of the address by the spammer. Individuals need to limit the exposure of their email addresses. Spammers often employ software robots that search the internet for certain character strings (Av oine, Junod and Oechslin, 2007). The robot search through webpages and chat rooms or any other online source with mail addresses. Another anti-spam tactic in maintaining the use of several email addresses for various purposes. This makes the individual switch to either of the accounts in case one of the mail is compromised (Schneider and Schneider, 2011). There are web hosting services that include a large number of emails. This can be useful for individuals with small businesses that have their own websites.Another approach entails the basic content filtering technique. These solutions require definite software that identifies the content element in an email eliminating it from spam. The techniques employed differ with regards to the content examined by looking at the indications of whether the message in the email is spam (Schneider, 2010). The basic application of the content filter examines the salutations such as the email header and other indicators showing the message to be s pam. The software performing these tasks can be installed on individual computers or mail server computers (Schneider, 2010). Mail server computer or all the server-level filtering needs to be implemented on the ISP server or the company mail server or even both. Individuals working in an organization have both ISP and company mail server which filter the content in their emails (Quigley, 2008). The spam that gets through one of the servers can be trapped by the other server. Basic content filtering employs both black and white lists (Goodman, 2004). A blacklist spam filter examines from addresses in the incoming messages. The software, thus can delete the message or reserve it for review (Brusilovsky, Kobsa and Nejdl, 2007). A white list, on the other hand, examines from addresses and makes a comparison to the good sender addresses. They are employed at the individual level.

Layman View of Osi Reference Model Free Essays

Layman View of OSI Reference Model (By Diganta Deka, Former Student, Proprietor-Trainer East India Technologies, Guwahati. ), diganta. deka@hotmail. We will write a custom essay sample on Layman View of Osi Reference Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now com When we talk about computer networks and how computers operate in networks, things do not remain as simple as it seems to be. Here numerous protocols work in tandem for the sake of data integrity during the course of data transfer. To make things worse there are a lot of vendors in the market who provide and produce great number of network hardware and push us to use them. Therefore to provide a solution and to make all these devices communicate in 1984, The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed the Open Systems Interconnections (OSI) reference model. Basically it described how information is transferred from one networking component to another, from the point when a user enters information using a mouse or a keyboard to when that information is converted to electrical or light signals transferred along a piece of wire or radio waves through the air and vice versa. So we can say, OSI reference model provides a foundation to use when you are considering what happens between the network components when they talk with each other. ISO developed a seven layer model which allowed vendors and network administrators to understand a stable data transfer and also provided guidelines for implementing new networking standards. Table-1 below briefly describes these layers, their associated services and protocols supported. Layer| Function| Service Description| | Application| The Application layer provides an interface between the communication software and any other application that needs to communicate outside the computer on which the application resides. This layer represents the services that directly support applications such as software for file transfers, database access, and electronic mail. | 6| Presentation| The Presentation layer translates data from the Application layer into an intermediary format, such as ASCII text, EBCDIC text, binary, BCD, JPEG etc. This layer also provides services such as data encryption, and data compression. | 5| Session| The Session layer allows two applications on different computers to establish, use, and end a session. This includes the control and management of multiple bidirectional messages so that the application can be notified if only some of a series of messages are completed. This allows Presentation layer to have a seamless view of an incoming stream of data. | 4| Transport| The Transport layer defines the end-to-end transmission of data between nodes (e. . PCs), including flow control and error recognition and recovery. It also repackages long messages when necessary into smaller packets for transmission and, at the receiving end, rebuilds packets into the original message. | 3| Network| The Network layer provides routing, logical network addressing, path determination, media/framing translation, frame fragmentation, and congestion signaling/control. The routing concepts define how devices rout e or forward packets to their final destination. Logical addressing defines how each device can have an address that can be used by the routing process. Path determination refers to the work done by which all possible routes are learned, but the best route is chosen for use. | 2| Data Link| The Data Link layer packages raw bits from the Physical layer into frames (logical, structured packets). This layer specifies the device addressing, topology and media access, bit/byte synchronization, flow control, and error detection/recovery services associated with sending frames of data over a physical link. 1| Physical| The Physical layer specifies how bit streams are to be transmitted over a physical link in the network. This includes physical characteristics of transmission medium, including pins, use of pins, electrical, current, encoding, light modulation and the rules for how to activate and deactivate the use of the physical medium. | Table-1 Within the network, data traverses a network stack using a process called encapsulation. Whe n an application requires communications resources, the message is handed over to the network stack’s application layer. There, the message is processed into a Protocol Data Unit (PDU). Application specific header information is wrapped around the data. The resultant PDU is then passed to the stack’s presentation layer, where additional header information is added. Each subsequent layer in the source system’s network stack adds service-specific header information to the PDU, until a fully formatted data frame is presented to the physical layer for transmission onto the communications medium. This encapsulation process is illustrated in Figure 1. Encapsulation Process Fig-1 The real data transfer process starts from the Transport Layer, where the data is segmented and hence the data is termed as segment in transport layer. When the segments reach the network layer each segment is broken into packets. As these packets are transferred to Data Link Layer each packet is again broken into frames and in Physical Layer the frames converts into Bits. When the bit stream reaches the destination system, the reverse occurs. Each layer in the destination system’s network stack analyzes and then strips its associated header information from the message. The resultant PDU is then passed to the next higher layer, until the original message is presented to the destination application. Typically, a communication layer does not process, or alter the PDU’s content as generated by an adjacent layer. Information exchange only occurs between peer OSI layers. The peer relationship between OSI layers is illustrated in Figure 2. Illustrated Peer Relationship between OSI Layers Bit Stream Frame Packet Segment Data Stream Data Stream Data Stream Bit Stream Frame Packet Segment Data Stream Data Stream Data Stream Figure-2 Till now we have been talking about the concept behind the OSI reference model, but if we do not discuss about the protocols (protocol is an agreed set of rules by which devices in a network or number of networks can successfully communicate with each other) and devices that work in each layer of the model then the discussion would remain incomplete. Table-2 and Table-3 respectively represent the devices and the protocols used in various layers in the OSI Reference Model. Devices and the Layers at Which They Function Layer| Name of the layer| Devices| 3| Network| Router, Layer3 Switch| 2| Data Link| Switch, Bridge and NIC| 1| Physical| Hub, Repeater| Table-2 Protocols and the Layers at Which They Function Name of the Layers| Protocols| Application| FTP, Telnet, NFS, HTTP, TFTP, DHCP, DNS, VoIP, SNMP, POP3, SMTP| Presentation| ASCII, HTML, JPEG| Session| SQL, RPC| Transport| TCP, UDP, SPX| Network| IP, X. 25, IPX, Q. 931| Data Link| HDLC, Ethernet, LLC, Frame Relay, ATM, Q. 921, FDDI| Physical| RS-232, V. 35, 10bT, RJ45, G. 703/G. 704| Table-3 In the field of networking there very few people who is not aware of OSI reference model and it is impossible to imagine the world of Information Technology without this model. Over the years we have come across so many network hardware, software or operating systems but everything is manufactured keeping OSI reference model as a benchmark. How to cite Layman View of Osi Reference Model, Essay examples

Youth Social Problem free essay sample

Youth Social Problem BY mucca0407 People are never born into separated environment, while society will be their destiny to face and Join no matter whether they are willed to do so. After being educated in greenhouses of campus, children will one day step into this destiny inevitably, therefore making socialization an indispensable progress of their growth. However, it seems to me that socialization is a method of acclimatizing to the surroundings and such abilities are inborn. So it may be too extreme and pessimistic to say we have not et learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society, especially when the education and other related fields are keeping a high-speed development. Socialization, defined as converting and meeting the social needs, determines a societys future by making its members work as effective parts of it. Society is a huge constitution combined by different individuals and groups, who need cooperation with each other and gain the methods for living and developing. Modern development has made such cooperation spear into every corner of our daily life: ndustry, service, agriculture and academic fields provide the people living in a society what they need, and supported by each others products. Education, as a way for us to raise children, gives them knowledge to take parts in this society and realize their personal values. When entering schools, children are living with other contemporaries for years, learning how to communicate with each other, gaining senses of cooperation, competition and understanding. After that, they graduate and face the practical issues, such as manufacturing, researching, designing and so forth. All these issues ask for cooperation during modern time, because they are all highly complicated with different products provided by different fields. An architecture design project, for instance, contains parts of architecture design, structure design, air-conditioner system, water supply system and so forth. During its designing progress, architects and other experts need communicate with each other, persuade or be persuaded to change their ideas and plans. If some one of them are not socialized and Just keep on working individually, the outcomes will be ot reasonable or even not feasible. Moreover, socialization is an indispensable part of social living, even people do not take parts in producing. We are living in a connected world, facing other peoples for information, products and so forth. After graduating, children will leave their greenhouses which are supported by their parents, teachers and society. They have to work and live directly with other social members. If they are not socialized, and just continue their greenhouse life, they will find the world as a vacuum, bogging hem with complex relation of people. In Japan, a group of people are called OTAKUs, who are trapped by their childhood interests, including animation, video game, internet, and the sense of security at home. Those people are a reverse example of those who are not well socialized. They have their own worlds, cut off with others, been reported among these OTAKUs, such as suicide, crime, psychic diseases and so forth. In this case we may know the importance of socialization. Nevertheless, although modern society has provided us both necessity and risks of ocializing, our society has kept on its progress of development, despite of some people who are dropped by it because of lacking of socialization. To illustrate this phenomenon, I think it is reasonable to believe that socialization is an inborn ability that can be developed during education and social work. All creatures have abilities to acclimate to the environment, and because of such abilities they have evolved during the past myriad years to today. As the most intelligent and developed creature, human beings are tend to be even more capable hen facing a new environment. So when they are in societies, they will learn how to live and success by their practice, not saying about the developed education system, which can help them gain more knowledge and experience before the social life. Considering a foreign student who seeks for further education in a new country, he may have difficulties in language, social relation and cultural background when facing the new life. But we know that there are myriad foreign students who graduate successfully from their schools, after overcoming these problems. Such successes are due to their efforts in learning and working, bringing them new abilities to meet the new environments need. Additionally, modern education has developed in a way for students gaining more chances to cooperate and get in touch with the society, making them more socialized. For instance, my university has provided its students chances of working with their teachers and for the social agencies, including enterprises, governments and so forth. During these works, students will know their abilities and disadvantages when hey one day come into the society totally, and amass the knowledge and senses to cover such disadvantages. To sum up, socialization is a determining issue for children who are changing our world in future. Despite of certain problems caused by current society, children are steady under the societys care. As long as we keep an open mind to the necessity of socialization, and as long as we learn the proper way to raise children, our offspring will come a long way toward bringing about a better society.